Present situation and suggestions on the development of papaya production in Ningyi County

Present situation and suggestions on the development of papaya production in Ningyi County

1 present situation of development

Accelerating the development of papaya production and building an ecological industrial base is an important part of implementing the six strategic objectives put forward by the municipal party committee and municipal government, and is to further adjust the agricultural industrial structure and promote the comprehensive development of warm and cool mountainous areas. important measures to increase farmers' income, rural development and agricultural efficiency. Papaya is a plant of the genus papaya, belonging to the small trees of the Apple subfamily of Rosaceae, with a total of 5 species, namely, smooth-skinned papaya, wrinkled papaya, hairy leaf papaya, Xizang papaya and Japanese papaya. Among them, there are 4 species originating from China and 1 species originating from Japan. The distribution of wrinkled papaya and smooth-skinned papaya in Ningyi County. Papaya is a native tree species in Ningyi County, which is planted by the broad masses of people in front and behind houses, and is also used as a biological fence. By 2014, the planting area of papaya in the county had increased to 7 066.67 hm2, of which the hanging fruit area was 800 hm2, the fresh fruit yield was 750 tons, and the output value of fresh papaya fruit was 1.125 million yuan.

Through the unremitting efforts over the past few years, the planting area of papaya in Ningyi County has expanded steadily, the construction of processing and marketing system has developed rapidly, and the strength of the leading enterprises in the industry has grown rapidly. Ninglang daughter Zhen Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., a leading industrial enterprise, now has an invention patent for comprehensive and deep processing of papaya products, and two patents have been applied for at the end of 2010. The "Nuerzhen" brand products developed by using fresh papaya fruit include preserved papaya, papaya vinegar and vinegar beverage, papaya wine, oleanolic acid and other biological products. Its products are in short supply in Lijiang, Lugu Lake, Shangri-La and other tourism markets, and the product sales market is good. At present, Ningyi County has initially developed into one of the dominant papaya producing areas in Lijiang City.

2 market prospect of papaya

Papaya has the laudatory name of "Baiyi fruit". The fruit is rich in flavonoid organic acids, pectin and peroxidase, catalase, phenol, superoxide dismutase and so on. it has the functions of relieving cough and analgesia, relieving heat and diuresis, removing dampness and stomach, promoting blood circulation and dredging collaterals, nourishing skin and lung, treating joint pain and so on, which has been recorded in many ancient medical books. Modern medicine has proved that papaya contains oleanolic acid, which can protect liver and lower enzymes, promote hepatocyte regeneration, anti-inflammation, cardiotonic and anti-tumor, and is an effective ingredient in the development of drugs for the treatment of liver disease and hypoglycemia. Because oleanolic acid has irreplaceable pharmacological properties of other drugs, the medical value of papaya fruit has attracted great attention in the field of medicine.

Making papaya juice into fruit vinegar drink can play a special role in health care. In recent years, the market of papaya fruit vinegar beverage shows a trend of rapid development. The rapid rise of papaya fruit vinegar beverage market is closely related to the enhancement of consumers' health awareness. Papaya fruit vinegar beverage is rich in vitamins and trace elements necessary for the human body. It has high nutritional value and health care value, which is the main factor for papaya fruit vinegar beverage to attract consumers. Using fresh papaya fruit as raw material, the papaya fruit vinegar beverage prepared by modern processing technology has the functions of calming the liver and stomach, relaxing muscles and activating collaterals, softening blood vessels, tonifying kidney, anti-bacteria and anti-inflammation, anti-aging, cosmetology, beauty, anti-cancer and anti-cancer, relieving stagnation and moisturizing lungs, helping digestion, relieving joint discomfort symptoms, strengthening physique, soothing and relieving alcohol and so on.

Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene compound of oleanane, whose molecular formula is C30H48O3. It is one of the main effective components of papaya. It has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammation, enhancing immune function, reducing transaminase, reducing turbidity, improving disease symptoms and enhancing liver function, correcting abnormal protein metabolism, preventing liver cirrhosis, reducing blood lipids, lowering blood sugar, diuretic, anti-tumor and so on. It is the main raw material for developing drugs for the treatment of liver disease and hypoglycemia. Oleanolic acid has the advantages of low toxicity, low side effects and large safety range, so it is in great demand in the pharmaceutical market. However, due to the complex structure of oleanolic acid and the tedious steps of artificial synthesis, it mainly depends on plant extraction. Therefore, the successful application of the technology of extracting oleanolic acid from papaya is of great significance for the development of the medicinal value of papaya.

Oleanolic acid has a strong repairing effect on liver injury. According to statistics, the current domestic demand for oleanolic acid is about 2 000 t / year. The international sales price of oleanolic acid is 3 million ~ 6 million yuan / t, and the price is determined by purity.

In China, only 4 enterprises in Sichuan produce oleanolic acid, and the current production capacity is about 1 000 tons. If the patented technology of oleanolic acid extraction owned by daughter Zhen Company can be applied to production as soon as possible, it will have a positive and significant impact on the development and utilization of papaya and the increase of farmers' income. The development of papaya vinegar beverage and oleanolic acid in Ningyi County has a broad market prospect, and has obvious location advantages and lack of market competitors.

1 t fresh papaya can also produce 24 kg dried papaya seeds, and the oil content of papaya seeds is 32.6%. The oil contains 4.65% palmitic acid, 67.67% oleic acid and 23.07% linoleic acid. Papaya seed oil has excellent adsorption capacity and can clean the dirt in pores. It is an excellent raw material for making cosmetics. In addition, papaya seed oil is also an ideal raw material for health food.

3 existing problems

At present, the papaya industry in Ningyi County is in a period of steady development, the industrial base is constantly expanding, and the production efficiency is improving rapidly. Due to the late start of papaya production in Ningyi County, some farmers still have the idea of heavy planting, light management, output and quality, low degree of standardized cultivation, low grade of papaya production, weak market competitiveness, low added value and so on. It is mainly shown in the following seven aspects.

3.1 the site condition of papaya garden is poor

Most of the papaya orchards in the main producing areas of Ningyi County are cultivated in dry land or used as biological fence. Limited by conditions, the basic water conservancy conditions are poor, most mountain papaya orchards and even the preparation of pesticides, foliar topdressing water are very difficult; rural roads, field roads are very poor, papaya production ability to resist natural disasters is very fragile.

3.2 production technology is weak

At present, due to the low scientific and technological quality of farmers and the deep-rooted idea of giving priority to grain, it is difficult to popularize the efficient cultivation and management technology of papaya on a large scale, which affects the improvement of economic benefits of papaya cultivation. The vast majority of papaya orchards are cultivated with seedlings, mostly planted on barren hills or used as biological hedges, with extensive management, prolonged initial fruit period, low yield and poor quality. Papaya planted in the early years, tall trees, closed orchards, disordered tree shape, poor ventilation and light transmission, the potential of yield and quality could not be brought into full play. At the same time, the rapid expansion of papaya area is out of step with the popularization of advanced practical technology and standardized cultivation technology, the technical strength of functional departments is relatively insufficient, technical training obviously lags behind, and the phenomenon of heavy planting and light management of fruit growers is prominent.

3.3 White papaya varieties are in short supply

The main cultivated varieties in Ningyi County are the white flower types of wrinkled papaya and hairy leaf papaya (commonly known as white papaya or white papaya). At present, the supply of Baihua papaya products in Ningyi County exceeds the demand, and the industry is developing rapidly. Therefore, it is of great significance to expand the planting area of white papaya and actively do a good job in the high-yield cultivation techniques of white papaya.

3.4 the occurrence of diseases is serious.

Papaya leaf blight occurs all the year round, especially in August. The pathogen was half-known bacteria, and the leaves appeared brown spots at the initial stage of the disease, and then gradually expanded and showed dark brown. In serious cases, the leaves were covered with disease spots, and the leaves withered and fell off, which seriously affected the yield and quality of papaya. It has become the most serious problem hindering the development of papaya industry in Ningyi County.

3.5 weak postpartum management and low degree of industrialization

The postpartum link of papaya is also relatively weak, due to the small fruit yield of papaya, refrigerated transportation, controlled atmosphere storage of papaya is still blank. In addition, due to the shortage of fresh fruit raw materials and shortage of funds, new products such as papaya vinegar and oleanolic acid developed by leading enterprises have not been put into production on a large scale, and the self-accumulation and radiation driving ability of enterprises is not strong.

3.6 low degree of organization and weak support ability of science and technology

The economic cooperation organization of papaya industry has not been established; the county horticultural station has few people and many things, the service scope is large, and the service function is not perfect; in addition, the system is not active, the funds for science and technology promotion have not been included in the budget at the same level, and the technical strength is insufficient. Can not support the sustainable development of papaya industry.

3.7 serious shortage of funds and lack of necessary funds for work

As papaya in Yunnan Province, Lijiang City are extra small fruit species, the industry does not have a normal project financial support channels. The state has not given farmers the necessary infrastructure, new pesticides, fertilizers, new technology training and other support; horticultural technology extension departments lack the necessary scientific research funds such as introduction, experiment, demonstration and training and promotion funds. as a result, it has failed to effectively carry out publicity activities, technical guidance, and scientific and technological training for the development of the papaya industry, increasing the difficulty of the development of the papaya industry and restricting the further development of the papaya industry in the county.

4 suggestions

In order to solve the problems existing in the development of papaya industry in Ningyi County, we must first solve the problem of improving the quality and efficiency of papaya. Formulate technical regulations for pollution-free and green food production of papaya as soon as possible, and strengthen the promotion of high-quality papaya production techniques such as soil, fertilizer and water management, pest control, harvesting, packaging, storage and so on. We must take the road of industrialization development, take the market as the guide, take the enterprise as the leader, take the development road of "company + base + peasant household", vigorously develop the management and service system of the integration of agriculture, industry and trade, production, supply and marketing, solve the common problems of Ninglang papaya, maximize the enthusiasm of local growers, and promote the healthy development of papaya industry in the county.

4.1 do a good job in breeding and enrich the varieties of papaya in Ningyi County

Papaya is a plant of the genus papaya, belonging to the small trees of the Apple subfamily of Rosaceae, with a total of 5 species, namely, smooth-skinned papaya, wrinkled papaya, hairy leaf papaya, Xizang papaya and Japanese papaya. At present, the distribution of wrinkled papaya and smooth-skinned papaya in Ningyi County. In the future, the testing of soil quality and soil fertility in Ningyi County should be strengthened, and breeding should be combined with other varieties, so as to increase the diversity of papaya varieties, increase the efficiency of papaya production and increase farmers' income in Ningyi County.

4.2 strengthen the establishment of papaya garden, cultivation techniques and fertilizer and water management

In order to build papaya garden, sandy soil with good drainage and pH value of 6.3-7.8 should be selected, but heavy soil should not be selected. Ningxing County has complex topography and mountainous hills, which can be built and planted with compound or fish-scale terraces. When intercropping with low-stem crops such as potato, soybean and Tartary buckwheat, 2m × 4m × 6m and 1 m × 1m should be adopted in fence.

Before the planting of papaya seedlings, the planting pond should be dug and returned to the soil, irrigated and carried out, dig a small hole in the planting pond, put the papaya seedlings in the middle of the holes, so that the roots fully stretch, avoid crossing and knot each other, and then straighten the seedlings and fill the soil. Attention should be paid to stepping on the soil while filling, lifting the seedlings and shaking the seedlings lightly so that the roots are in full contact with the soil. The planting hole after planting is usually 1520 cm higher than the original ground. Finally, the land is leveled, the border is made, and shallow water is irrigated. After the soil is slightly dry, straighten the papaya seedlings and cultivate a small mound of soil to keep moisture and prevent the wind.

For the planting and management of young papaya orchard, mature organic fertilizer was applied in dormant period every year or every other year, and the average amount of fertilizer was 30 ~ 45 t / hm ~ 2. In the growing season, topdressing was 2 times, mainly nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer in the later stage, and the amount of topdressing fertilizer was 450 ~ 750 kg/hm2. After entering the fruiting period, pre-anthesis fertilizer, post-anthesis fertilizer and fruit expansion should be applied in time. Ditch application and hole application can be used as fertilization methods. Papaya trees should be irrigated once or twice in the dry season, and pay attention to drainage in the rainy season.

4.3 strengthen the control of diseases and insect pests and improve the level of production technology

4.3.1 the principle of "prevention first and comprehensive control" should be carried out in the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. Select high-efficiency biological pesticides and low-toxic chemical pesticides, rotate the varieties of pesticides, improve the application technology, and reduce the amount of spraying. At the same time, pay attention to protect natural enemies such as birds, seven-star ladybugs, lacewings, flower bugs and so on.

4.3.2 remove insect fruit and rotten fruit in the orchard in time. Before the papaya tree germinates in early spring, scrape off the old warped skin and burn it centrally to eliminate the overwintering larvae and cocoons. The diseased shoots, insect shoots and fruits were cut off in time for deep burying treatment, and the depth was ≥ 50 cm. The use of sexual core prevention and control technology to control fruit borer pear borer, peach borer, peach borer, the control effect is better. Scientific research institutions should strengthen the exchange of information with growers and popularize scientific production technology so as to improve the yield and quality of papaya.

4.4 firm confidence in development and efforts to promote the construction of papaya industry has proved that papaya industry has good economic and ecological benefits and broad prospects. Therefore, the county should firmly develop the confidence of the papaya industry, adhere to the idea of industrial management of papaya will not change, adhere to the measures of the development of papaya industry will not be weakened. Widely publicize the advantages of papaya cultivation and good examples and good practices of papaya cultivation, deepen the public's understanding of the papaya industry, and mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses to develop the papaya industry.