Cultivation, management, harvest and processing of Amomum villosum

Cultivation, management, harvest and processing of Amomum villosum

Amomum villosum is divided into two categories. One is domestic, the original plant is mainly originated from Yangchun Amomum in Yangchun County, Guangdong Province, and the other is imported Amomum (West Amomum), which comes from Southeast Asia, the original plant Guangning green shell Amomum.

Eleven species of Amomum have been identified in China. Wild and cultivated in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Guizhou provinces and autonomous regions. Produced in Yangchun, Gaozhou, Xinyi, Guangning, Xinxing, Fengkai, Enping, Luoding, Maoming, Yangjiang and Xuwen in Guangdong Province, Dongxing, Longzhou and Tian'e in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, Funing, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Lincang, Simao, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, border counties of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Gengma, Cangyuan, Mengla, Jinghong and Mengmu in Yunnan Province Changtai in Fujian Province, Chengmai, Yaxian and Danxian in Hainan Province, and Guxiang in Guizhou Province.

At present, it is known that Amomum villosum was originally wild in Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, but Amomum villosum was introduced into Guangdong Province in 1963. In 1987, the county planted 32900 mu (667m2 / mu, the same below), with an average yield of 10~15kg per mu. It is mainly distributed under the rainforest of Jinuo mountain valleys, accounting for 76% of the county's output. Amomum villosum produced by Jinghong has stable plant characters, good growth, rich pollination insect resources, high natural pollination rate and large fruit. When the fruit of Amomum villosum is dark brown or reddish brown, it is picked and processed, and the pericarp of the processed product is close to the seed mass, dry, no impurity and no damage. Its medicinal properties and microscopic characteristics are the same as those of Amomum villosum in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, so it has been widely used. Amomum villosum was introduced and popularized in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and won the first prize for scientific and technological progress of the Ministry of Health in 1987.

Climate, soil and vegetation distribution are suitable for planting Amomum villosum in Maguan County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Mainly distributed in Bazhai, Langqiao, Mi factory, wood factory and Gulinqing township (town). The county has an area of about 4000 mu of Amomum villosum, with an annual output of about 50 000kg. Its quality and efficacy are no different from those of Amomum villosum and are well received by users.

There are two kinds of wild and artificially cultivated Amomum villosum in Xichou County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The one with shell is called "sand fruit", and the core is called "Amomum villosum". Shell and nucleus can be used medicinally, for aromatic stomach tonic, with appetizer, digestion effect, for vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of appetite and other diseases. It can be developed in the south subtropical climate type area of Xichou County.

The original green shell Amomum villosum in Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Yangchun Amomum villosum was introduced into Guangdong Province in 1963. In 1987, the county planted 26600 mu, with an average yield of 10~15kg per mu. Mainly distributed in Menglun, Mengla, Mengshuo and Yao tropical valley rain forest, the output accounts for about 80% of the county.

1 Botanical characteristics

Amomum villosum is a perennial herb with a height of 1 to 2 m and stolon. Leaf blade lanceolate or rectangular circular-lanceolate, leaf length 20~30cm, wide 3~7cm, top with caudate apiculate, base subrounded, sessile; ligule 3-5mm long; sunken square reticulation can be seen on the leaf sheath. Spikes emanate from the rhizome and grow on the total pedicel of long 4~6cm; flowers bisexual, with calyx and Corolla, calyx white, 3 segments United, Corolla 3 United in the lower part of perianth, forming a perianth tube, stamens 1, anther 2, lip 1 (petaloid pseudstamens) and staminodes 2, stigma 1, style slender, located in the grooves of stamens. Ovary inferior, 3-loculed, with many ovules.

2 biological characteristics

2.1 soil

Loam is rich in humus, the plant grows fast, the seedling is thick and strong, the seedling population is exuberant, the flower is many, and the fruit setting rate is high. Combined with soil improvement, after the fruit is harvested every year, the soil is cultivated in front of Cold Dew, and the topsoil and turf mud rich in organic matter are evenly scattered on the ground of Amomum villosum, which should be covered with 3 rhizomes. This kind of soil cultivation can significantly promote the tillering of the plant, strengthen the thick bud, enhance the resistance and make the plant survive the winter safely.

2.2 Fertilizer

Fertilizer is a material measure to transform soil quality. fertilizer is mainly composed of organic matter fertilizers such as cattle manure, compost, pig manure, green manure, burning soil and turf mud. The amount of fertilizer application depends on the growth of seedlings and measures should be taken in accordance with local conditions. Fertilizer is applied every year in the early stage of flowering, the late stage of fruit and after fruit harvest. Especially after fruit harvest and before White Dew, re-application is beneficial to promote strong seedlings and safe overwintering, and to promote more flowers and strong fruits in the following year.

2.3 canopy density

The canopy density is large, the plant is weak, the seedling is long, the seedling group is sparse, the flower is small, the fruit is fine; the canopy density is too small, the plant is short, the stem is short, and the leaves are easy to be burned by sunlight. The relationship between different canopy density and the growth and development of Amomum villosum is shown in Table 1. The average canopy density is 50% to 70%. Shade trees choose tall tree species with moderate transmittance and soft leaves, which can play the role of regulating water by shade, ventilating and ventilating, keep soil water content at about 20%, and create an environment suitable for insect activities, which is conducive to pollination at flowering stage.

Table 1 relationship between different canopy density and growth and development of Amomum villosum

2.4 density

The density and strength of seedlings and the number of flowers and fruits also have great influence on the yield, as shown in Table 2. It is suitable to control 25000 ~ 30 000 plants per mu.

Table 2 relationship between plant density and growth and development of Amomum villosum

3. Field management

Amomum villosum has different needs for soil, fertilizer, light and water in different seasons, and the acquisition of high and stable yield should be guaranteed by scientific management. However, the strength of the seedling population and the level of yield are determined by a variety of factors, which influence, promote and restrict each other. A change in one factor may lead to new problems and new contradictions. Therefore, different venues and environments have different management measures, but we must prescribe the right remedy to the case. In the work, we should pay attention to the four key points (fertilizing, cultivating soil, cutting blight seedlings, eliminating diseases and killing pests), and promoting four early days (early preparation of fertilizer stacking area, early fertilization, early cultivation of soil, and early cutting of blight seedlings). Three prevention (prevent soil erosion, prevent falling flowers and fruits, prevent people and animals from trampling), and two timely (timely artificial pollination, timely fruit protection and strong fruit), in order to promote the exuberance of seedlings, many flowers, strong fruits, and achieve the goal of high and stable yield. In terms of organization, we should implement special personnel management and strengthen the post responsibility system.

3.1 pollination

Amomum villosum flower is a typical insect-pollinated flower. Its reproductive organs are hidden, the pollen is sticky and heavy, and the fruit setting rate of natural pollination by wind is 0.4% to 3%. The natural pollination rate is low. According to the observation of Wang Jiazhu et al. (1983), domestic Italian bees seldom pollinate Amomum villosum flowers in Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Domestic Chinese honeybees generally absorb honey from the side of the flowers, and the pollination effect is poor, so some Amomum villosum planting sites without wild bees often have few fruits and often no harvest. In 1976, Guangdong Province imported Southern Medicine introduction Information Center promoted artificial pollination, which increased the fruit setting rate of Amomum villosum to 30%-40%, but the labor cost was too much. From May to July 1981, the Bee Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Medical Company and the Science and Technology Commission of Mengla County investigated and studied together. Seven species of wild bees which can pollinate Amomum villosum were summarized. Two species of wild bees, Apis dorsata Fab., and small sour bees, which can pollinate Amomum villosum in full bloom, were isolated flower by flower with nylon cover, and the fruit setting rate after pollination was determined as shown in Table 3. It can be seen from the table that the fruit setting rate after one pollination was 63.42% higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01), and 38.47% higher than that in the artificial pollination group (P < 0.01). The fruit setting rate after one pollination was 29.22% higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01) and 4.27% higher than that in the artificial pollination group (P < 0.01). However, small sour wasps are easier to domesticate than platoon bees, so they can be selected as ideal pollination bees.

Table 3 Comparative statistics on pollination of Amomum villosum by platoon bees and small sour wasps

In addition to domestication, the ecological environment of these pollinated bees should also be protected. Platoon bees are big bees. Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture is called "Horse long Bee" and "friend Horse" in Dai language. it lives in groups, and its single nest spleen hangs from the tree trunk. The results of the investigation in Mengla show that platoon bees generally live under the branches of big trees on steep slopes, with at least 10 nests per tree and more than 200 nests in groups. Small sour bees also live in groups, ranging from hundreds to tens of millions in each colony, and the colony is composed of queen bees, worker bees and drones. The nest spleen is composed of powder spleen, honey spleen and son spleen. Bee colonies feed on pollen and nectar, and most of them nest in the dead and hollow tree trunks in the forest.

3.2 Fruit strength and fruit protection

Amomum villosum population is weak, plant nutrients are insufficient, affected by climatic factors and rhizome damage are the main reasons for small fruit and fruit drop. Therefore, pig manure, chicken manure, plant ash and manure water were applied as strong flower fertilizer before flowering. 150kg / mu of 1: 5 manure was applied at flowering stage, and then 1:3 manure was applied as fruit fertilizer. On the same day, Da and Lesser Heat opened a fashion on the sites where the seedlings were too dense, hot and humid, to eliminate stagnant water and reduce rotten fruit.

3.3 transform old Amomum villosum

The planting land with more old seedlings and less strong seedlings with continuous flowering, fruiting for many years and obvious decline of seedlings was reformed. In order to re-cultivate the soil and apply green manure, 5 000kg per mu of turf mud, 2 500kg of cattle manure and 25kg of phosphate fertilizer per mu can play a good role in restoring the growth of seedlings, and the effect will be obtained after 2 or 3 years.

In order to achieve high and stable yield, Yangchun Amomum villosum should not only do a good job of the above work, but also do a good job of "one column and two ponds" (cattle pen, dung tank, water storage tank) in site construction, and provenance selection and breeding.

3.4 harvesting and processing

Amomum villosum was harvested in August and September. In early summer, about 80g dry products can be obtained by baking 500g wet products, and about 200g dry products can be obtained by baking 500g wet products in the Beginning of Autumn. Baking method: the material was baked with rice husk, raw wood, camphor leaves or charcoal and baked for 3 times. It is called "killing pulp" for the first time, "returning to furnace" for the second time, and "refurnace" for the third time. It can be boxed after the third baking. When baked to 50% to 60% dry, it can be dried in the sun. If you do not bake and directly use the sun to dry, it is not easy to save, extremely easy to mildew, the color becomes black, therefore, must be baked by fire. Bake twice a day for 12 hours each time. Cover the charcoal fire with camphor leaves so that there is no open fire but smoke. After being smoked, Amomum villosum tastes very fragrant. When baking until the peel is soft (about 50-60% dry), spray water once. After spraying water, the pericarp suddenly shrinks, so that the pericarp and seed are closely linked without gaps, so that they can be preserved for a long time. Otherwise, Amomum villosum is easy to mildew when there is a gap inside. Each time, you can put 2-3 layers of sieve on the stove, and the top sieve can be covered with a wet cloth, so that when the first sieve is about to dry, put it on the uppermost layer, when the uppermost layer is dry, take it away, and replace the unbaked one. Such alternate baking can give full play to the role of the soil stove.

3.5 varieties and commodity specifications

Local farmers divide Amomum villosum into two kinds: yellow seedling and big green seedling. Yellow seedlings bear more fruit, the shape is round and small, the color is light red, the seed is reddish brown, the fruit is not solid. Born in Yangchun Xishan and Yangjiang, Enping and other places, the fruit grows upward and tastes pungent. The big green seedlings bear little fruit, the shape is long and large, the color is red, the fruit handle is short, the seed is black, oily, solid and full, similar to the nipple of a cow. Traditional Chinese medicine thinks that it has strong efficacy, with sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty flavors, and the fruit grows downward. Grow in Yangchun Dongshan banner dragon, Jinhuakeng and other places. It is said that the stewed pork with the fruit of Dongshan Daqing seedlings is all red.

High-quality Amomum villosum should have mature, solid and full, sweet taste (with five flavors), skin, kernel, seed black and oily solid, hand-rubbed peel is not easy to fall off.

The shelled seeds of Amomum villosum are separated, and the large seeds are the king of sand; the seeds of shelled Amomum are separated, and the larger seeds are sand heads; the seeds of shelled Amomum are separated, and the smaller seeds are sand rice; the pericarp of Amomum villosum is sand shell.