High-yield cultivation techniques of Platycodon grandiflorum in Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County

High-yield cultivation techniques of Platycodon grandiflorum in Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County

Perennial herb of the family Campanulaceae having white milk throughout the plant. Born on hillsides, grasslands or forest margins. It is a kind of wild vegetable for both food and medicine. Platycodon grandiflorum likes cool and humid conditions, afraid of stagnant water, cold resistance and light. The suitable growth temperature is 10-20 ℃, the optimum temperature is 20 ℃, and can bear the low temperature of-20 ℃. The soils planted with Platycodon grandiflorum are mostly loam, sandy loam, clay loam and humus loam. The soil avoids stagnant water, the soil moisture is too much, the root is easy to rot. Platycodon grandiflorum is afraid of wind damage. When planting in windy areas, we should pay attention to prevent wind damage and avoid lodging.

1. Morphological characteristics of Platycodon grandiflorum.

Perennial herbs, plant height 30-100 cm, whole plant smooth glabrous, fleshy roots, yellowish brown or grayish brown bark, erect stem, leaf blade ovate-oval, abaxially grayish green, Corolla broad bell-shaped, dark blue; capsule Obovate. Leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, long 2~7cm, broadly 0.5~3cm, apex acuminate, margin sharply serrate, base cuneate. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting period is from August to October.

Second, the growth environment

Platycodon grandiflorum likes cool, moist, light and cold resistance. The suitable temperature range for growth is 10 ℃ ~ 20 ℃, the optimum temperature is 20 ℃, and it can bear the low temperature of minus 20 ℃. The plant grows well in humus soil or sandy loam with deep, loose and fertile soil and good drainage. Afraid of stagnant water, soil stagnant water is easy to cause root rot.

III. Planting techniques

1 Platycodon grandiflorum for land preparation is a deep-rooted plant, and humus soil or sandy soil with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage should be selected. After selecting the land, apply compost 2500 kg per mu, add 20 kg calcium superphosphate, sprinkle it into the ground, turn more than 30 cm deep, and rake fine.

(2) sowing at the right time. Platycodon grandiflorum is mainly propagated by seeds, which can be sown in spring, autumn or winter, with 2 kilograms per mu. Can also raise seedlings and transplant, because the direct seeding yield is higher than transplanting, and the root straight bifurcation is less, easy to scrape processing, good quality, multi-use in production. Attention should be paid to using seeds to propagate with new seeds produced in the same year, the new seeds germinate quickly, the germination rate is high, and the seedlings are uniform, robust and beneficial to management. the germination rate of the old seeds in the next year is low or even can not germinate.

In order to improve the germination rate of seeds, the seeds can be treated first. Soaking the seeds in warm water for 12 hours before sowing, mixing well with appropriate amount of wet sand, stacking for a few days and then planting can obviously improve the germination rate. The strip sowing method was used to trench the finished border surface according to the row spacing of 18-21 cm, the depth was about 2 cm, and the soil cover was 1 cm after sowing. Or adopt the more advanced wide strip sowing method, that is, the width of the trench is 10 cm, the line spacing does not change, cover the soil after sowing, wide strip sowing method has many advantages, such as simple management, good quality of finished products, and so on. The temperature is suitable and the seedlings can emerge in about 15 days.

III. Field management

1. Reasonable close planting. The row spacing is 17-20 cm and the plant spacing is 3-5 cm. If the plant is too dense, the growth of the plant is weak and it is vulnerable to diseases and insect pests. Too thin, low yield. If the seedlings are suitable for wide strip sowing, the seedlings are not crowded, and there is no need to remove too many seedlings. Proper close planting is the key to increase production.

2. Grass is produced by ploughing. Platycodon grandiflorum grows slowly in the early stage and is easy to breed weeds, so it should be pulled out in time to prevent the spread of grass famine. The planting site should be watered thoroughly first, and when it is dry and wet, the soil should be loosened once, so as not to dry and crack the ground and cause dead seedlings. Mid-ploughing should be carried out when the soil moisture is moderate. After the plants grow up and close the ridges, there is no need for intermediate ploughing and weeding.

3. Topdressing. Thin human feces should be applied 1-2 times at seedling stage to promote the growth of seedlings. At the end of June, more fertilizer was applied at flowering stage, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, to prevent growth from being affected by excessive consumption of nutrients due to flowering and fruiting. After entering winter, it is necessary to re-apply overwintering fertilizer, combined with fertilization to cultivate the soil. In the following year, when the plant height is about 1 meter in spring, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be properly controlled, combined with topdressing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to make the stem grow sturdy, which can prevent or reduce lodging. The flowering period of Platycodon grandiflorum is longer, which consumes a lot of nutrients and affects the root growth. In addition to staying in the field, thinning flowers and fruits can improve the yield and quality of roots, and buds can be removed manually, such as cutting buds with a sickle. Or with multiple frustrations, sprayed in full bloom, can prevent flowering.

4. The planting density of Platycodon grandiflorum is high. When it is hot and humid in summer, drainage should be done in time to prevent stagnant water and rot roots, resulting in reduced production.

IV. Major diseases and insect pests

1 root rot. (1) the symptom is a root disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. During the period of 6-8 months, the root was yellowish brown and rotten at the beginning, and then gradually enlarged. When the disease was serious, the aboveground part withered and died. (2) Prevention and control method A, pay attention to crop rotation and eliminate stagnant water in time. If you plant in low-lying or rainy areas, you should make a high border. B, apply more basic fertilizer during soil preparation, improve the soil, enhance plant disease resistance, apply lime powder 50~100kg per mu, can reduce the harm, or disinfect the soil with 5kg carbendazim per mu, and prevent and cure the disease with 1000 times of topiramate. C, remove the diseased plant in time.

2. Purple stripe feather disease. (1) the symptom is a disease caused by a basidiomycete in the fungus. Damage to the root, first from the fibrous root, and then extended to the main root; the disease is yellow-white at the beginning, white fungal cords can be seen, and then become purplish brown, the diseased roots rot from outside to inside, the external fungal cords are interwoven into mycelial membrane, and the dregs flow out when ruptured. The diseased plant on the ground gradually yellowed and withered from bottom to top, and finally died. (2) Control methods and methods of the same root rot.

V. harvesting and processing

1. The harvest years of Platycodon grandiflorum are different due to different regions and sowing dates. Generally, the harvest of Platycodon grandiflorum in the same year, or in the second year, can be slightly earlier in the northeast, and the harvest time can be carried out from the end of September to the middle of October in autumn or before the sprouting of Platycodon grandiflorum in the following spring. The autumn collector's weight is solid and the quality is better. Generally, when the aboveground stems and leaves wither, the roots have not been enriched too early, and the drying rate is low, which affects the yield; it is not easy to peel too late. When starting to dig, prevent the main root from being broken.

(1) seed harvesting. From August to October, when the shell of the capsule is yellowish and the top of the fruit is initially cracked, the seeds are full and black after breaking, and can be picked in batches. The harvested seeds should not be directly exposed to the sun, but can be stacked in an indoor ventilated place for 3 to 4 days. The embryos mature naturally and then dry. After removing the fruit shell, use a cloth bag or paper bag device to store the seeds in a dry and ventilated place. The seed should be stored at low temperature for one year. (2) harvesting and digging in the same year of root harvest and transplanting or in the second year of direct seeding. Harvest from October to November in late autumn, first cut off the stems and leaves, dig out the roots, wash the soil with clean water, drain the water, scrape off the cork while fresh, such as bamboo or glass, porcelain, etc., then dry or dry.

2. Processing. After the fresh roots are dug out, clean the soil and Reed head, scrape off the cork with bamboo knives, wood edges, porcelain pieces, etc., wash, dry or dry. The skin should be scraped while it is fresh. If it takes a long time, the root skin will be hard to shave. It should be dried in time after shaving. Platycodon grandiflorum takes back too much processing, it can be buried with sand to prevent the skin from drying and shrinking, so it can be easily peeled. The drying rate is 30%.

The quality of Platycodon grandiflorum is better when the root is enlarged, white or slightly yellowish, solid and with chrysanthemum pattern.

VI. Harvest

Platycodon grandiflorum can be harvested in 2 or 3 years. The picking time of Platycodon grandiflorum should be in autumn, too early, affecting the yield; too late, the root bark is difficult to scrape, and it is not easy to dry. The suitable mining period is from late September to middle and late October. Dig out the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, shake off the soil, wash it in water, scrape off the skin with a bamboo knife or bowl, soak it in water for 24 hours, remove it, put it on the barbed wire and dry it in a ventilated and dry place to make white Platycodon grandiflorum. Meet the commodity standards.