Three-dimensional cyclic cultivation technique of Grape-Lentinus edodes in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province

Cultivation Techniques of Grape and Lentinus edodes in Jinhua, Zhejiang

Fund Project Zhejiang Province Science and Technology Plan Project (2015C32130); Fruit Industry Technical Team Project of Zhejiang Province (District Trial Station).

In recent years, grape planting area in Zhejiang Province has been increasing at a rate of 15%~20%. It is one of the fruit varieties with rapid development speed in Zhejiang Province and has become one of the leading varieties of fruit industry in Zhejiang Province. However, it has been a single planting mode for a long time, and a large area of land and space under grape racks are unused. Most of the light under the grape rack is scattered light, which is suitable for the requirements of edible fungi for light conditions. At the same time, photosynthesis releases a large amount of oxygen, which provides raw materials for the respiration of edible fungi. In addition, after the leaves grow up, the shade increases and the evaporation of the ground decreases, which plays a role in moisturizing and cooling. These create an ideal environment for the growth of edible fungi. Practice proves that the combination of grape planting and mushroom cultivation can not only improve the utilization rate of land resources and increase economic income, but also make efficient recycling of resources. This three-dimensional cultivation mode is worth popularizing. Under the mode of grape-mushroom stereoscopic circulation cultivation, about 3 000 m2 of mushroom can be cultivated in 1 hm2 vineyard, 15 mushroom sticks can be placed/m2, the price of mushroom sticks is 2 yuan/piece, the cost of mushroom sticks is about 90 thousand yuan/hm2, one mushroom stick can pick mushroom 0.75 kg on average, the average unit price is 10 yuan/kg, the income of mushroom can reach 337,500 yuan/hm2, excluding the cost of mushroom sticks, Depreciation of building materials and other expenses such as disinfection add up to 150,000 yuan/hm2, that is, under the grape-mushroom three-dimensional circular cultivation mode, the vineyard can increase income by 187,500 yuan/hm2.

In addition, grape-mushroom three-dimensional circular cultivation mode not only improves the utilization rate of land resources, increases farmers 'economic income, but also realizes the multi-level recycling of materials, promotes the virtuous cycle of agricultural ecology, and has very significant and far-reaching significance for creating a conservation-oriented society and establishing a circular, ecological and efficient new agriculture. Now the grape-mushroom stereoscopic cycle cultivation technology summarized as follows.

1. Space-time layout construction of three-dimensional planting mode

From the configuration of space structure, the upper grape belongs to vine plants, mainly considering the problem of height difference between groups; the lower planting mushroom is suitable for planting some crops suitable for scattering light because the existence of upper plants will cause partial shade. From the time structure configuration, grapes can choose some early-maturing varieties, after picking can have enough time to prepare for mushroom cultivation. Winter mushroom is generally selected for planting, and the planting time is generally selected after grape pruning and garden cleaning to reduce the occurrence of mushroom pests [1-2].

2. Optimization and Integration of Supporting Techniques for Stereoscopic Cultivation Model

2.1 Vineyard Qingyuan

In order to avoid overwintering eggs remaining, the vines should be cleared of dead grass and rotten leaves. The vineyard with too dry soil should be watered between rows to keep moisture when making ridges. After the moisture sinks, lime powder should be evenly scattered on the surface for disinfection. The soil should be deeply ploughed for about 15 cm, so as to save labor force when sterilizing and making ridges.

2.2 cultivation bed treatment

Cultivation of shiitake mushrooms under grape racks, convenient management of grapes and shiitake mushrooms should be considered. Shiitake cultivation beds should be made in alternate rows. Generally, the bed width is about 1 m, slightly higher and turtle-back shape, and grooves are reserved on both sides of the bed for irrigation and drainage. Fix a steel pipe with a length of 1 m at each end of the bed, which needs to be reinforced with fiber rope. Pull 3 iron wires with a steel pipe as a fixed point, with an interval of 20 cm between each iron wire and a distance of 28~30 cm from the ground. After the cultivation beds are made, the ground needs to be disinfected to prevent disease.

2.3 Small bow shed construction

The bow is made of bamboo chips with a length of 3 m and an interval of 1 m, with a span of about 1.6 m and a maximum height of about 80 cm from the ground. Cover the bow shed with agricultural film, and determine whether a sunshade net is needed according to the grape sunshade situation.

2.4 pendulum rod

The mushroom sticks are generally placed in the border after beating, leaning obliquely on the iron wire, the angle between the mushroom sticks and the border surface is about 65°, the rod distance is about 10 cm, and about 15 pieces/m2 can be placed. When white cracks appear on the bacteria rod, select cloudy days without dry hot air to remove bags to prevent pollution caused by high temperature and excessive water loss of the bacteria rod. Try not to hurt hyphae when taking off bags, delay the time of taking off bags of mushroom sticks with slow color change, and pay special attention to heat preservation, moisture retention and ventilation after taking off bags [3].

2.5 fruiting management

2.5.1 Environmental management. 1 Temperature management. The temperature of fruiting stage should be controlled between 10~22 ℃, and the temperature difference between day and night should be controlled between 5~10 ℃, so as to facilitate the normal development of mycelium, bud and fruiting body. humidity management. In order to meet the water demand of fruiting body, the relative air humidity should be kept between 85% and 90% during the fruiting period of mushroom; after the formation of mushroom bud, the relative air humidity should be gradually reduced until about 70% at the time of harvest, so as to facilitate the fruiting body to be full, improve the quality and taste of mushroom products, and prevent and reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests.③ Light management. During the formation period of mushroom bud, weak light is the main one, which is beneficial to the development of fruiting body; after the formation of mushroom bud, the light can be strengthened, but to prevent direct sunlight, the sunshade net can be hung in midair, which is beneficial to the healthy growth of fruiting body and improves the quality of mushroom; in addition, ventilation should be strengthened to meet the normal growth of fruiting body.

2.5.2 Water management. When the fruiting body is formed, it is required to keep a high humidity. When the temperature is between 5 and 25 ℃, spray water 1~2 times a day. When the temperature rises, spray water 2 times a day. When it rains on cloudy days, reduce the number of times. Do not spray water before picking mushrooms. In the middle and late stages, if the water shortage is serious, the method of heavy spraying or water injection can be adopted. After 3 days of water injection, the primordium is formed one after another, and the water injection is continued every day. If the problem of insufficient water can not be solved, increase the number of water sprays, or use watering furrows on both sides of the cultivation bed to water the bed surface, so that the bacteria stick can fully absorb water and ensure the normal growth of mushrooms.

2.6 pest control

Pest control follows the plant protection principle of "prevention first, prevention is more important than cure". In order to ensure the safety of mushroom production, biological pesticides should be selected as much as possible. Green mold light hair, can be washed with water pipe; green mold heavy hair, can be removed with a blade first, then spray 3% lime water, at the same time control watering and enhance ventilation. On the one hand, physical and agricultural measures should be applied instead of chemical control, ozone water should be used instead of chemical pesticides to control grape fruit diseases in late stage, spraying once every 3~7 days, and 5 days is the most suitable; on the other hand, some low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides should be selected for pest control. Meanwhile, the small arch shed for cultivating mushroom should be covered tightly when spraying pesticides, so as not to spray on the bacterial rod. In addition, by planting clover and natural grass in the facility and planting flowering plants around it, a good habitat is created to cultivate natural enemies to control pests and diseases.

2.7 recovery

When the fruiting body grows to 8 mature, that is, the cap is obviously wrapped, and the fungus film can be harvested when it is first broken; no residual roots are left in the culture medium during harvesting, and the harvested mushrooms should be stored separately from large and small ones to avoid sorting again. Attention should be paid to prevent impurities from being mixed into the mushroom body, and the harvested mushrooms should be sold in time or sent to the fresh-keeping warehouse for refrigeration.

2.8 follow-up management

After the first tide mushroom is harvested, stop spraying and spraying water in the shed for 5~7 days to let the mycelium recuperate and rejuvenate; adjust the temperature in the shed at about 22 ℃, and reduce the space humidity to about 70%; restore the dark environment in the shed, and after 7~10 days, carry out water injection management on the bacterial rod, so that the weight of the bacterial rod is slightly lower than the original weight, so as to meet the water demand of the next tide fruiting body, but the bacterial rod cannot reach or exceed the weight of the original bacterial rod, and the subsequent management can refer to the first tide mushroom.

3. By-product recycling of stereoscopic cultivation model

3.1 grape cuttings

Using grape cuttings to replace part of miscellaneous sawdust to make mushroom rod not only reduces environmental pollution of waste, but also turns waste into treasure, reduces production cost of mushroom, provides a new way for resource development and utilization of agricultural waste, enriches the source of edible mushroom cultivation raw materials, and is conducive to sustainable development of edible mushroom industry [4].

3.2 mushroom stick

Waste mushroom sticks are applied to vineyards in October of each year in the form of base fertilizer, which can effectively promote the nutritional growth of grapes and the growth of new roots, improve the yield and quality of grapes, improve the content of organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in soil and the pH value of soil, and reduce the soil bulk density [5].