High-yielding cultivation techniques of Ruby Grape in Xishui County

High-yielding cultivation techniques of Ruby Grape in Xishui County

Ruby seedless grape is a late ripening seedless variety bred by crossing between Emperor and Pirovan075 in California, USA. Eurasian variety was introduced to China in 1987. Jinteng Grape Manor in Xishui County began to introduce and trial planting in 2014, with outstanding performance and good market benefit, and has become the leading variety of autumn picking in Xishui area.

one. Its introduction performance and high-yield cultivation techniques are summarized as follows.

1 general situation of introduction experiment

The introduction experiment is arranged in Jinteng Grape Manor, Maqiaogang Village, Lanxi Town, Xishui County, which is located in the middle of eastern Hubei, the southern foot of Dabie Mountains and the north bank of the Yangtze River. It is a typical subtropical continental monsoon climate, cold in winter and hot in summer, with four distinct seasons, sufficient light and abundant rainfall. The average annual precipitation is about 1 370.8 mm, and most of the precipitation is concentrated in July, which often causes serious flood disasters. The annual average sunshine hours is 1 895.6 hours, the annual average temperature is 16.9 ℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 41.2 ℃, the extreme minimum temperature is-12.5 ℃, and the frost-free period is 230-258 days. The grape planting area of the garden is 23.33 hm2, the soil is fertile, the pH value is 5.3, and the soil contains organic matter 23.1 g/kg, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen 119 mg/kg, available phosphorus 7.8 mg/kg, available potassium 51 mg/kg.

Golden vine vineyard began to introduce trial planting ruby in 2014. the planting area was 3.47 hm2. The park adopted the rain protection cultivation mode, the greenhouse height was 3.5m, the diameter was 50 cm galvanized steel pipe, and the greenhouse film was covered with 0.07mm white film. T-frame type, using 2.5m × 8 cm × 8 cm cement columns, 6 m apart, 50 cm underground fixed, 2 m above ground, and fixed with steel wires at 1.2,1.5,1.8 m above ground, respectively. The top layer steel wire is 8 mm specification, and the other 2 layers are 4 mm specification. The plant spacing is 2 m, the row spacing is 2.5 m, and the planting density is 1 650 plants / hm2.

2 performance of introduction

2.1 growth period performance

According to the observation of introduction, the sprouting period of ruby seedless grape in Xishui area is March 15, flowering May 10, initial fruit May 22, maturity August 6, and the best harvest time is August 21. The mature period happens to be in the cool climate from late August to early September. It is an excellent leisure picking grape variety [1-2].

2.2 performance of growth traits

Ruby seedless grapes grow vigorously, it is appropriate to use scaffolding or "Y"-shaped hedge shaping, medium and short tip pruning. The trial planting of this variety shows beautiful spike shape and good quality, but the fruit grain is slightly smaller, so gibberellin treatment and ring peeling can be used to increase the fruit grain; it matures later and has poor disease resistance, especially susceptible to black pox and downy mildew, so early prevention and control should be paid attention to in production. The peduncle and stalk of its ear are slightly brittle, so it should be harvested carefully. The ruby seedless grape is bright in color, crystal clear and good in taste.

The ruby seedless grape has strong growth potential and high germination rate, with an average of 1.5 inflorescences per fruiting branch. Most of the ears are born in the 4th ~ 5th nodes. The adaptability is strong, the requirement of soil quality, fertilizer and water is not strict, and the storage and transportation resistance of fruit is medium. It takes about 150 days from germination to maturity, which is a late-maturing seedless variety. The young leaves are thick, yellowish green and glossy, and there are no villi on the upper and lower surfaces of the young leaves; the adult leaves are thick, dark green, heart-shaped, the leaf margin is slightly warped upward, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, and the upper and lower lateral cracks are moderately deep [3]. The upper surface of the leaf is smooth, the villus is less, the back of the leaf is not tomentose, the vein is yellowish green, the petiole is purplish red, the petiole depression is closed oval, the leaf margin is serrated, slightly obtuse. The internodes are longer and the annual mature branches are yellowish brown. Tendrils spaced, bifurcated or trifurcated, bisexual flowers.

2.3 performance of economic characters

The ear of ruby seedless grape is larger, the general weight is about 700g, the largest ear is 1.2kg, conical and compact. The fruit is small, oval, the average grain weight is 4 g, and the size of the fruit is neat and consistent. The peel is bright red-purple, thin, difficult to separate from the pulp; the color of the fruit is dark red and easy to color; the pulp is crisp, soluble solids content is 17%, acid content is 0.6%, sugar content is 20%, hard, seedless, sweet and refreshing taste, good taste. The fruit setting rate is high, the fruit cracking is less, and the yield is high, with an average yield of 22.5 t/hm2.

(3) High yield cultivation techniques

3.1 plastic surgery, pruning and garden cleaning

Winter pruning is from December 15 to the end of December. The middle shoots of 8 buds are pruned, with 4 fruiting mother branches per 1 m, 15000 per hm2 and 120 000 buds per hm2. Clear the garden carefully after winter cutting, clean up all the residual branches and take them out of the garden and burn them.

3.2 uncover the greenhouse film

Cover the film in late February every year, remove the top film in the middle and late October, and do not need to use anti-downy mildew pesticides after grape sales.

3.3 Fertilizer and water management

This variety needs a large amount of fertilizer and needs to strengthen fertilizer and water management in the process of growth.

One is base fertilizer. From late October to November, 15 t/hm2 of bio-organic fertilizer (or 15.0-22.5 t/hm2 of chicken manure), 60 kg/hm2 of boron fertilizer and 20 cm of deep ploughing in the whole garden were applied. The second is sprout fertilizer. Urea or compound fertilizer 150 kg/hm2, borax 60 kg/hm2, magnesium sulfate 375 kg/hm2 were applied in shallow trenches beside the trees. The third is strong vine and fat. In the seven-leaf stage (the length of the new shoot is 30-40 cm), urea 75-150 kg/hm2 can be used for fertilization. Fourth, puffing fruit fertilizer. It was applied twice, the first time was applying urea 150 kg/hm2+ high nitrogen, low phosphorus and high potassium compound fertilizer 300 kg/hm2 about 18 days after flowering, and the second was applying 300 kg/hm2+ potassium fertilizer 225 kg/hm2 about 28 days after flowering (about 10 days after the first fruit expansion fertilizer). Cover soil and watering at 50 cm on one side of the plant to ensure the effect of fertilization. Fifth, coloring fertilizer. In the hard kernel stage, because the ruby belongs to the middle and late maturity variety, the coloring fertilizer should be applied twice, the first time is about 55 days after flowering, and the second time is 20 days after flowering, mainly potassium fertilizer, each time using potassium sulfate about 180 kg/hm2, using the whole garden drip irrigation system of integrated application of water and fertilizer. Sixth, fruit-picking fertilizer. It can be applied after fruit harvest, and fertilize according to the tree potential [Jishan Huayao].

3.4 Flower and fruit management

Arrange inflorescence in time after flowering, thinning fruit, cutting off small grains and deformed grains to ensure about 80 grains per panicle.

3.5 Disease and pest control

The main grape diseases in Xishui area are gray mildew, anthracnose, ear axis brown blight, black pox and downy mildew, etc., in the prevention and control, strengthen field management, do a good job in clearing the garden in winter, remove the pruned withered branches and leaves, reduce the overwintering places of diseases and insect pests, pick the heart in time during the growing period, make the park ventilated and transparent, and improve the microclimate in the park. In the middle of February, plants and ground were sprayed with stone-sulfur mixture to kill overwintering pathogens and scale mites. If scale insects (pink scale type) occurred last year, dichlorvos 1000 times or aphid mites 800 times solution could be selected after fruit drop. If the control did not occur once, there was no need for control [5].

To control Botrytis cinerea and ear axis brown blight, the inflorescence could be sprayed with 1 000-fold solution of pyrimidinamine (Xejiale) 1 000 times before flowering, 1 000-fold solution on the inflorescence at the beginning of flowering, and 1 000-fold solution on the 8th day after flowering. To control fruit white rot and other diseases, after flowering and fruit setting, 1 500 times of quinoline copper (must green) solution was sprayed on vines, leaves and fruits, and then sprayed once every 15 to 20 days, for a total of 3 times, and anthracnose was also prevented. If powdery mildew occurs in the fruit after fruit setting, triadimefon (triadimefon) can be sprayed on the ear for 1 500 times, and it is not necessary to prevent and cure the disease. At the same time, the opening of the top film was postponed to the middle and last ten days of October after fruit harvest.

The occurrence of insect pests varies greatly in different gardens. If the green bug bug is damaged by 2-4 cm of new shoots, it can be sprayed with 1000-fold solution of dichlorvos or 2000-fold solution of annihilation; 6 the damage of leafhoppers, red spiders and mites can be controlled by acaricides, imidacloprid or aphid mites, and the larvae of longicorn beetles can be killed by injecting 500-fold solution of dichlorvos into the wormhole with a disposable syringe.