High-yielding cultivation techniques of Golden Pear in Junan County

High-yielding cultivation techniques of Golden Pear in Junan County

Golden pear has strong growth, more open posture, strong growth potential of young trees, low germination rate, weak branching ability, easy to form short fruit branches and good yield. The young trees could bear some fruit in the same year, and the fruiting rate reached 100% in the second year.

1 rational planting

1.1 soil selection

Golden pear has strong planting adaptability, such as sand, loam and clay. However, the plots with deep soil layer, fertile soil, rich organic matter and certain irrigation and drainage capacity should be selected for high-efficiency and high-yield cultivation. The pH value is between 5.0 and 8.5, and the optimum pH value is 5.5-6.5 for sandy loam or loam. Golden pear is a deep-rooted fruit tree with strong horizontal root extension. for the garden land with barren soil layer, it is best to improve the soil in trenches or large holes in order to obtain the best yield and quality.

1.2 planting density

It is suitable to cultivate golden pear with row spacing of 2 m × 3 m, 3 m × 1 m, 2 m × 1 m, 2.0 m × 0.7 m and 1.5 m × 0.7 m, in order to increase the coverage of leaf branches, increase the accumulation of photosynthates and promote preterm production as soon as possible.

1.3 rational allocation of pollination trees

Due to the incomplete development of floral organs, degeneration of stamens, less pollen and insufficient pollination trees, golden pear will have low fruit setting rate, small fruit and poor quality, so pollination trees should account for more than 20% of the total number of cultivated plants in cultivation. The better pollination tree varieties are emerald, abundant water and so on, which can be planted according to 1 ∶ 3: 8.

1.4 planting period and method

It can be planted from September to March of the following year, but it is the best in October and November. Before planting, the planting ditches of 1 m in depth and 1 m in width were excavated according to the requirements, and the average application rate of high quality base fertilizer was more than 45 t/hm2. After mixing appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer, it was applied to the bottom of the hole, covered with a layer of soil, and then planted golden pear. Strong seedlings with intact roots, no diseases and insect pests and no mechanical damage were watered once after planting, each plant was watered for about 20 kg, and covered with weeds or plastic film. After that, the soil was deeply improved by applying basic fertilizer every year.

2Fertilizer and water management

2.1 appropriate amount of fertilization

After defoliation every autumn, a sufficient amount of high quality base fertilizer 30 t/hm2 was applied in combination with deep ploughing. The amount of fertilizer applied during the growing period should depend on the yield and soil fertility. The reference fertilization standard was 0.5 kg of nitrogen, 0.2 kg of phosphorus and 0.3 kg of potassium per 100 kg fruit. For the first time, nitrogen fertilizer was mainly applied before germination (mid-March), the second time from post-anthesis to flower bud differentiation (mid-May to early June), and the third time in the fruit expansion period (from late July to early August). Mainly potassium fertilizer, combined with appropriate phosphate fertilizer [3].

The first topdressing of available nitrogen fertilizer was in May of each year, followed by three times of quick-acting fertilizer combined with watering. In addition, foliar fertilization can be combined with spraying, with 0.3% urea solution in the early stage and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the later stage. 7 Mel stopped fertilizing in September to promote flowers. With little or no application of base fertilizer in autumn, the method of covering grass inside the row can be used to increase the content of soil organic matter in places where organic fertilizer is insufficient.

2.2 timely watering

In general years, there were 3-4 times of combined fertilization and watering, which were before sprouting and flowering, long-term shoot speed, after fruit harvest and before soil freezing. In many years of Rain Water, attention should be paid to drainage and waterlogging prevention.

3 shaping and pruning

3.1 Free spindle pruning

Under the planting density of 2 m × 3 m or 3 m × 1 m, the free spindle shape is suitable. In the same year, 70 ~ 80 cm of fixed stem was left, and buds with suitable directions of 3 ~ 4 directions and an interval of about 10 cm were selected under the cut mouth for eye injury. During the growing period, the competitive branches were kept 20-30 cm coring, and the opening angle of the other branches was 60-70 °. 2-3-year-old fruit trees should remove the dense branches, slowly release the germinated branches on the main branches, and retract and culture into the fruiting branch group after fruiting. It has been formed in 3 years, and the height of the tree is less than 2 m [4].

3.2 Trunk pruning

In the planting gardens of 2m × 1m, 2.0m × 0.7m and 1.5m × 0.7m, after the seedlings were planted, a pillar was set up, and the seedlings were tied to the pillars at 30 ~ 40 cm from the ground. When the seedlings sprouted in the early spring of the first year, all the seedlings were flattened in order to promote the rapid growth of the upper branches on the back. When the shoot on the back was more than 15-20 cm, the seedlings were righted, and when the new shoots were 20 cm, 7-8 lateral branches were left to grow.

3.3 Winter scissors

Winter pruning focuses on removing erect, overdense big branches, long branches, disease and insect branches, ineffective branches, and leaving more auxiliary branches to strengthen the tree.

4 promoting flower and fruit

4.1 wiping sprouts and picking hearts

After the pear tree germinates, a large number of new branches will sprout from the shearing mouth, and the new shoots will be picked out repeatedly when the length of the new shoot reaches 30 cm. Twist the new shoot when it is semi-lignified at the beginning of June. At the end of June, 0.8-1.0 g paclobutrazol was sprayed with 15% paclobutrazol or PBO250 solution was sprayed once in the first ten days of June and August respectively to form enough flower buds to achieve the goal of high yield every year.

4.2 spraying fertilizer and artificial pollination at flowering stage

When the flower bud just sprouted, 0.3% urea + 0.2% borax was sprayed; one fruit was sprayed at 5 days and 15 days after flowering; one gram of paclobutrazol was sprayed once 3 weeks after flowering, and artificial pollination was carried out.

4.3 Flower thinning and fruit setting

Golden pear is easy to form axillary flower buds. When pollination trees are arranged reasonably or artificial pollination, the fruit setting rate of inflorescence is high, so flower and fruit thinning should be carried out in time. Flower thinning was carried out at the inflorescence separation stage and early flowering stage, leaving one inflorescence every 20 cm, and fruit thinning was completed within 25 days after flowering, leaving one fruit every 20 cm.

(5) Disease and pest control

The main diseases of golden pear are powdery mildew, ring disease and rust, and the main insect pests are aphids, pear wood lice, pear heart borer and pear stem wasp. In winter, trees are cleaned, warped skin, cracks and disease spots are removed, combined with winter pruning, diseased branches and insect branches are cut off, and 3 °5 °B é stone sulfur mixture is sprayed to clear the garden, so as to kill overwintering pathogens and insect eggs and lay a foundation for the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests throughout the year. During the germination period, when the scales were loose and scattered, the pear orchard was sprayed with 5 °B é stone sulfur mixture once. From mid-March to early April, 20% aphid net EC was sprayed to control aphids, and from late April to early May, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 600 times + 50% phoxim EC 800 times were sprayed to control pear heart borer, pear stem wasp, etc. 6Mel alternately sprayed Boerduo solution + 12.5% uniconazole wettable powder 1 500 times + 10% cypermethrin lactic acid oil 2000 times in September to control pear scab, powdery mildew, rust and so on.