Planting and Management techniques of Citrus

Planting and Management techniques of Citrus

1 the main problems in citrus planting

1.1 small acreage

Citrus planting is an important part of agricultural economy. Increasing citrus production can increase economic benefits. What is closely related to citrus production is the planting area of citrus. At present, most orchards in China inherit the land contracted by households in the past, so the planting area is relatively small, and the planting technology is not high, so that the economic benefits of planting citrus gradually decline. At present, many citrus growers are waiting for the shortcut of land expropriation compensation without spending too much enthusiasm on citrus cultivation. In the national environment, most agricultural enterprises and citrus professional cooperatives hope to expand the citrus planting area, but the extensive management of orange orchards is a big hindrance, and this mode of operation also increases the difficulty of large-scale management of citrus.

1.2 High production cost

Large areas of citrus cultivation need a lot of fertilizers, pesticides, labor and so on, but the price of citrus is very low. Due to the introduction of the new policy, the prices of agricultural labor and agricultural materials continue to rise, while the price of citrus is in a state of decline year by year, resulting in the continuous decline of economic benefits obtained by fruit growers, and the possibility of living beyond their means. Hindered the development of citrus planting industry.

1.3 it is difficult to formulate a scientific cultivation and management plan.

At present, in the citrus planting industry, most of them are small and medium-sized, and the extensive business model in production affects the improvement of citrus planting quality and the expansion of the scale. At the same time, citrus cultivation needs to be guided by correct scientific cultivation techniques, but at present, this technology is still relatively scarce, resulting in fertilization, weeding, drought resistance, insect control and other conservation techniques have not been done, affecting the improvement of citrus yield.

1.4 lack of mastery of citrus twig pruning techniques

The pruning technique of citrus big branches is based on the theory of top dominance to reasonably prune the overdense branches of orange trees. Too many branches and leaves of fruit trees will lead to the decrease of fruit yield and quality, so timely and reasonable pruning is needed. This technique is to prune the overdense side branches that affect the light except the crown, make the crown grow vigorously, and make the fruit trees blossom and bear fruit without weakening the tree potential. In recent years, the labor force is scarce and expensive, the cost of citrus planting is increasing, and the scientific and perfect citrus pruning technology is not mastered, which hinders the improvement of citrus production.

2 planting technology and management strategy of citrus

2.1 Seedling

Seedlings are the foundation of trees, and healthy seedlings with developed roots, straight main roots, no quarantine diseases and common diseases are the starting point for the cultivation of healthy trees. Container seedling and grafting seedling are common. Container seedling cultivation has many characteristics, such as: the culture soil can be arranged at will according to the requirements, and most of them choose low-cost grain husk, river sand and peat to configure the culture soil; container seedling cultivation time is short, it only takes about a year and a half The root system of seedling is developed, the main root is straight, and can be transplanted with soil, the strong and developed root system can flourish in the light and breathable soil, and the seedling with vertical main root can survive better, and it is easy to control diseases and insect pests. Container seedlings are cultured in their respective incubators, so the virus cannot be transmitted through the soil. Single bud ventral grafting and single bud cutting are commonly used in citrus grafting. Select a single bud branch for scion, and after grafting with plastic film to cover all the cut mouth, interface, expose the bud. Ventral grafting requires a wide cut up to xylem from the top to the bottom of the rootstock 10~15cm from the ground, then insert the scion and wrap it with plastic film. After the grafting survived, the rootstock should be cut twice in spring sprouting and the emergence of grafted seedlings, and the film should be removed twice.

2.2 Establishment of a garden

Water is an important component of plant photosynthesis, so oranges need to be planted near water. Orange orchards also need to be built near the water, and should also be built at a lower altitude, free from frost injury and quarantine diseases and insect pests. Citrus trees can thrive in places with deep soil, good drainage and low water table. At the same time of planting seedlings, we need to build a windbreak forest to provide a good environment for the growth of citrus trees. Tree species should choose coral trees, heather and other cold-proof evergreen species. Planting citrus seedlings in autumn needs to end one month before the severe cold, and to comprehensively do a good job of irrigation, soil and other cold prevention work.

The establishment of orchard is helpful to the formation of standard orchard, and advanced planting technology and production management technology are the key to improve the economic benefit of citrus. Agriculture is an important part of our national economy, so agricultural economy has been paid more and more attention. At present, many convenient agricultural facilities machinery invented in our country have been widely used in agricultural production. In citrus planting, agricultural machinery can reduce the burden of labor and improve work efficiency.

2.3 pruning and sprouting control

In the first three years of planting citrus, it is suitable to cultivate the backbone branches of orange trees, that is, the cultivation of the crown, while the pruning of young trees is mainly light pruning. The elongated branches of the backbone branches should be truncated as required, and the withered branches of diseases and insect pests should be trimmed to reduce the spread of diseases and insect pests. During this period, it is necessary to trim the buds that appear, so as not to hang the fruit, and reduce the nutrient consumption of the buds and fruits to the tree. Or spray gibberellin before flower bud differentiation in late autumn and early winter, and there will be almost no flowers in the following year. Different ways of shaping and pruning should be carried out in different seasons, such as coring treatment in summer to prevent tree potential from growing too vigorously, cutting off twigs, weak branches, re-climbing branches in spring and autumn, and cutting off the main branches of orange trees that are too dense, so that orange trees get plenty of light.

When citrus bears fruit, not only the dry and withered branches, thin and weak branches, dense branches and long branches should be pruned in time, but also the fruiting mother branches should be pruned properly according to the specific conditions, so as to balance the contradiction between fruit and growth.

In order to reduce nutrient consumption in citrus growth, pruning and shoot control should be carried out frequently. According to the standard of "five to two, three to two" to the clustered and dense branches, erase the branches that are too weak and too strong, keep the sturdy branches, keep the dense and sparse branches, concentrate the nutrients, distribute the branches evenly, and grow healthily. Then a series of work should be carried out, such as soil, fertilizer and water management, flower and fruit protection, pest control and so on.

2.4 soil, fertilizer and water management

Citrus trees with normal fruit have good roots, so it is necessary to keep the roots in a suitable environment. If the citrus orchard is in the hills and mountains, it is necessary to often turn the soil so that the soil is loose and breathable, and it is easy for the root system to go deep into the soil layer to achieve the effect of anti-freezing. Interplanting and growing grass can be used to improve soil fertility and land utilization in citrus orchards. Cover the citrus tree plate with straw and green manure in summer to keep the soil moist, which can ensure that the orange tree can get through the summer smoothly. There are also specific requirements for the soil. The soil of the orange orchard should have good fertility, suitable pH and organic matter.

As we all know, fertilizer is essential for oranges, and orange trees in full fruit usually need to be fertilized three or four times a year. One was postharvest fertilizer, which was applied as base fertilizer from October to November. Mid-ripe varieties harvested later can be applied one week before fruit harvest. At this time, fertilizer gives the tree nutrients that can be stored, enhances cold resistance and restores the tree potential. At present, the commonly used fertilizers are mainly human manure, pig, cow and sheep manure and cake fertilizer, and quick-acting chemical fertilizer can also be added. One is budding fertilizer, which can delay the shedding of old leaves, make the orange trees grow healthily and improve the fruit rate when the weather turns warm in spring and 1-2 weeks before citrus sprouting. One was strong fruit fertilizer, which was applied in July after the physiological fruit drop stopped. Fertilizer application period should be appropriate, not too late, fertilization is too late, fertilizer will not achieve the best effect. The type of fertilizer is mainly the combination of three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. When producing and growing oranges, fertilizers containing aerobes and anaerobes, such as American microbial fertilizer, should be used. American microbial fertilizer can well decompose the harmful substances in the soil, reduce the agricultural residues in the soil, and increase the survival rate of orange trees.

2.5 Disease and pest control

In different time periods, different methods should be used to control diseases and insect pests in citrus trees. For example: (1) it mainly controls overwintering larvae from December to February. The control methods are pruning withered branches, disease and insect branches, winter ploughing to eliminate pests in the soil, and chemical lime: water: salt = 1:10: a small amount of white citrus trunk. (2) March is the flower bud stage and early flowering stage, which mainly controls pests such as flower bud maggots, red and yellow spiders, flower thrips and so on. Ground spraying is needed when citrus buds appear; crown spraying is used when flower buds change from cyan to white; pesticides sprayed need to be used to treat both mites and aphids. (3) April is the period of full flowering and flowering, so we should pay attention to the control of longicorn beetles, aphids, gibberries, leaf rollers and so on. The main method is to catch and kill the larvae of giddy beetles and longicorn beetles, control from the root, cut off the roots, and release ladybugs, predatory mites and parasitic wasps for biological control. (4) May is the young fruit stage, and it is necessary to control Tianxing, orange fruit fly, aphid and so on, mainly by killing larvae, adults and spraying.

3 planting benefit and evaluation

With the support of advanced citrus planting technology, the planting benefit of citrus is very considerable. At present, many excellent citrus varieties have been cultivated in China, and the demand for excellent citrus varieties is also increasing, so citrus has also brought high economic benefits. Although the current citrus planting technology is not perfect, but with the development of science and technology in our country, citrus planting technology has also been improved, so the citrus yield has also been improved. And after the current citrus is commercialized, it will be able to trade exports and create wealth. With the continuous improvement of planting technology and appropriate management strategies, citrus cultivation will become a giant in China's agricultural economy.

In short, citrus cultivation is also an important part of agriculture at present. Scientific implementation of citrus planting management technology requires optimization of garden plot, scientific fertilization, effective shaping and pruning, and optimization of intercropping in the field. The cultivation and management of citrus involves many details. We need to pay attention to all the details of citrus planting and management in order to improve the yield of citrus cultivation and promote the development of citrus industry.