Investigation on Medicinal Plant groups and Resources of Nanzhonglou formation in Shaanxi Province

Investigation on Medicinal Plant groups and Resources of Nanzhonglou formation in Shaanxi Province

Fund projects: traditional Chinese Medicine Public Health Project (2011); traditional Chinese Medicine Industry Scientific Research Project (201207002); Provincial key Laboratory Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Provincial Education Department in 201207002 (12JSO40); Shaanxi Social Development Science and Technology Research Project (2016SF-360); Shaanxi traditional Chinese Medicine Administration Scientific Research Project (13-ZY046); National College students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship training Program (201610716030)

1 appliances and articles

Hand-held GPS locator, Nikon D7000 digital camera, Sony HDR-PJ760E camera, specimen dryer, etc.

2 methods

2.1 Literature investigation

Consult the relevant county chronicles, professional annals, research papers and other existing literature, and visit Northwestern University, Northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry, Shaanxi normal University, Xi'an Botanical Garden, Shaanxi University of traditional Chinese Medicine and other scientific research institutes plant specimen hall (room), statistics of the original Shaanxi production of Nanzhonglou formation medicinal plant groups and natural distribution areas, to provide basic data for field investigation.

2.2 Field visits and investigations

Visit the local herbal medicine and traditional Chinese medicine purchasers, refer to the county forest map, agricultural zoning map, traffic map and topographic map, as far as possible to grasp the distribution of medicinal plants in the survey line area.

2.3 Field Survey

Based on the results of the above survey, combined with the fourth national survey of traditional Chinese medicine resources, from March 2013 to June 2017, our research group selected six representative counties, each county selected at least one natural distribution area longer than 30 km to investigate the main route and the small areas with accessible traffic around it, successively to Jinyanggou and Pigeon bifurcation in Huayang Guan District, Luofu Town, Huayin City, Mengyuan Town, and Huangfuyu in Yuquan Street. Zhaojin Town, Yaozhou District, Tongchuan City in the north, Dongcha Town, → Town, Dongcha Town, Xishan District, Baoji City in the west, → Fenggering Town, Yingtou Town, Yingtou Town, Red River Valley, → firing ground, → Hall, Haoping Temple, Yingtou Town, Mei County, across the north and south slope, Ying Town, Taibai County, Pigeon Town, → Taochuan Town, → Town, Tangkou Town, → Huangbai Yuan Town In the south slope, the suitable environment for the natural distribution of medicinal plants of deciduous broad-leaved forest and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest at an altitude of 1050 to 2300 m in → Rencun Town, → Rencun Town, → Yongle Town, → Dachi Town, Zhenba County, Bashan Town, Zhenba County, Bashan Town, → Yong Le Town, → Dachi Town, Zhenba County, Bashan Town, Zhenba County, Zhenba County, Zhenba County

3 results

3.1 Literature investigation

It is recorded in the literature that there are 3 species and 2 varieties of medicinal plants in Shaanxi (there are only 1 variety without original variety, the same below), of which 2 species and 2 varieties are from Nanzhonglou formation. The classified search is as follows.

3.2 Field Survey

In addition to the Zhonglou in the north and south of the Zhonglou formation, which were originally recorded in Shaanxi, there are five varieties, namely, wide leaf, short stem, Changyaozhonglou, Qiye Yizhi flower and Yunnan Chonglou, which were originally recorded in the north and south of the Chonglou formation, and all of them are new records of distribution, with a total of 2 species and 6 varieties. No specimens of missing valves were collected.

3.2.1 the main morphological characteristics of various groups of the Nanzhonglou formation and the distribution of the investigation area have been described in the literature, and only the distribution of the investigation area and the main morphological characteristics of other groups are described here. 2a. Narrow leaves and heavy buildings (see figure 1).

Fig. 1 narrow leaf heavy building note: 1. Natural growth of original plants; 2. Flower characteristics; 3. Wax leaf specimen

In Chanmei County, Taibai County and Zhenba County, most of them are distributed on the north and south slopes of Qinling Mountains, and most of them are born under the shady and wet broad-leaved forest at an altitude of 1200m to 1820m.

2c. Wide leaves and heavy buildings (see figure 2)

Fig. 2 wide leaves and heavy buildings Note: 1. Natural growth of original plants; 2. Flower characteristics; 3. Wax leaf specimen

Huayin City, Yaozhou District, Huanglong and Zhenba County are produced, and most of them are distributed on the north and south slopes of Qinling Mountains, which are born under the shady broad-leaved forest, beside the gully stream and at the edge of the forest at an altitude of 1200m to 1840m.

2d. Short stem and heavy building (see figure 3)

Fig. 3 short stem and heavy building note: 1. Natural growth of original plants; 2. Flower characteristics; 3. Wax leaf specimen

There are 9 leaves, pedicels shorter than leaves, 10 stamens, filament length about 1 mm of anther, and connective 1 × 3. The flowering period is 3m / m June and the fruit stage is 5m / m / 10 months. Most of them were born under the shady broad-leaved forest, beside the gully stream and at the edge of the forest at an altitude of 1090m to 1840m. Chanmei County, Taibai County and Zhenba County were mostly born under the shady broad-leaved forest and forest edge at an altitude of 1050m to 1300m.

2e. Zhonglou, Yunnan (see figure 4)

Fig. 4 Yunnan Zhonglou Note: 1. Natural growth of original plants; 2. Flower characteristics; 3. Wax leaf specimen

The rhizome is thick, leaves are 8-10, thick paper, petiole length is 0.5-1.8 cm. Perianth segments of outer whorl lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 3 × 4.5 cm long, inner tepals 4-8, striate, green or yellowish green, up to 3 × 6 mm wide above middle, about 1 × 2 cm as long as outer whorls; stamens 10-14, anthers 1-1.5 cm long, filaments very short, connective 1-2-mm; ovary subglobose, style thick short, upper 5 × 7-branched, style base often dark purple. Seeds globose, red. The florescence is 3m / m June and the fruit stage is 7m / m / 10. Born in Zhenba County, most of them were born under the shady broad-leaved forest and at the edge of the forest at an altitude of 1100m to 1500m.

2f. Seven leaves and one flower (see figure 5)

Fig. 5 one flower with seven leaves. Note: 1. Natural growth of original plants; 2. Flower characteristics; 3. Wax leaf specimen

The rhizome is thick and the plant height can reach 2 m. The petiole length is 0.2 cm, the leaf length is 5 cm, the leaf width is 2.8 cm, and the leaf length is 20 cm. The number of flowers is 3 × 10, the inner tepals are narrowly striate, widened above the middle, green to yellowish green, 2.5 × 6.6 cm long, 1.5 × 2 (2.5) mm wide, 3 to nearly as long as the outer whorl tepals; stamens 2 times as many as flowers, anthers 1.2 × 1.5 (2) cm, 3 × 4 times longer than filaments, connective 1 × 1.5 (2) mm. The number of carpels is consistent with the number of flowers, style cylindrical, separated, extroverted irregular inversion, style base, style and stigma are often dark purple, fruit edges are consistent with ovary number and flower base, and the diameter can reach 5.4 cm. Seeds globose, red. The florescence is 3m / m June and the fruit stage is 6m / m / 10. Taibai County and Zhenba County were born under the shady and moist broad-leaved forest and at the edge of the forest at an altitude of 1050m to 1400m.

2g. Long medicine partition building (see figure 6)

Fig. 6 Note: 1. Natural growth of original plants; 2. Flower characteristics; 3. Wax leaf specimen

There are 6 leaves and 9 petioles, and the petiole is 1 cm long. The inner whorl tepals are narrowly striate, about 1 × 2 of the outer whorl, yellowish green, the stamens are 6 × 10, the filament length is about 1 × 3 of the anther, and the connective length is 6 × 23 mm. The flowering period is 3m / m June and the fruit stage is 5m / m / 10 months. Taibai County and Zhenba County are mostly born under the shady and moist broad-leaved forest at an altitude of 1100m to 1480m.

3a. Heavy building with handle (see figure 7)

Fig. 7 heavy building with handle Note: 1. Natural growth of original plants; 2. Flower characteristics; 3. Wax leaf specimen

The plant height is 30 × 100 cm, leaves are 3 × 6, leaves are broadly ovoid, 6 × 18 cm long, 4.5 × 12 cm wide, apex mucronate, base broadly rounded to subcordate, petiole 2.2 × 4 cm; palmately reticulate significantly 3 or 5. Flowers 2-5, stamens 6-12, anthers slightly longer than filaments, connective apiculate, about 1-2 mm long. The seeds are orange. The flowering period is 3m / m June and the fruit stage is 5m / m / 10 months.

It is also distributed in Chanmei County, Taibai County, Zhenba County, Liuba County, Feng County and Zuoshui County, which are mostly born under the shady and moist broad-leaved forest at an altitude of 1150m to 1340m.

The above-mentioned groups are searched as follows.

3.2.2 Biological characteristics of new distribution groups

The morphological specificity of each group is significant, and the change range of characters is large. In the natural distribution environment, all kinds of groups are easy to classify, but the diameter and length of rhizome, the color of stem base, the number and width of leaves, the length of petiole, the base number of flowers, the length of pedicel, the width and length of tepals in inner whorl, the relative length of stamens and anthers, the length of anther, the size of fruit and the number of mature seeds often increase or increase with the increase of growth years. There are individual crossover traits and more extreme traits, such as occasionally the length of the pedicel of the plants with heavy leaves is shorter than that of leaves; the tepals of the inner whorl of Artemisia angustifolia and C. yunnanensis are sometimes longer than the outer tepals, but their upper tepals are significantly wider; the number of flower bases with stalks can be as few as 2, and sometimes the length of petiole is less than 2 cm at early flowering, but its leaf shape and vein characteristics are significant. The inner whorl tepals of short stalks, long anthers and stipitate towers are sometimes as long or slightly longer as the outer tepals. In the field of wild seedling transplanting and artificial planting, if the growth environment is not suitable, the plant grows slowly or even does not produce seedlings, the leaves are yellow and green to the tip of the leaf withered, the tail of the rhizome withered, and its biomass decreased year by year with the increase of growth years. until exhausted and plant lost.

3.2.2.1 there is a significant difference in phenology between the north and south slopes of Qinling Mountains.

Among the four counties selected on the north slope of the Qinling Mountains, the longitude difference between Huayin City in the east and the West Mountain area in Baoji City in the west is 2.6 °, and the latitude difference between the northernmost Yaozhou District and Mei County and Taibai County is also 1.06 °. The phenological period of the same group is relatively consistent, while the latitude difference between Taibai County on the north slope of Qinling Mountains and Zhenba County on the south slope of Qinling Mountains is only about 2.5 °. However, the phenological phases of the two survey areas were significantly different (see Table 1), which was similar to that of the main producing areas of Yunnan and Sichuan [28-30].

Table 1 phenological phase of various groups belonging to the Nanzhonglou formation on the north and south slopes of the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province

3.2.2.2 Habitat diversity

In the north slope of Qinling Mountains, the humus soil layer is thicker and the vegetation ecological types of trees, shrubs, herbs and ground cover layer are complete [12-13]. Sometimes it is also distributed in stream side, river bank, forest edge, roadside and other environments under sparse forest, and the growth is good. Zhenba County is mainly distributed under the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest at an altitude of 1100m and 1540m, and the artificial imitation wild transplanting site under the sparse forest grows normally, indicating that the growth environment of various groups of the Nanzhonglou formation in Shaanxi has a certain degree of transition and diversity.

3.2.3 Market Survey of Chinese Medicinal Materials

The dry rhizomes of all groups of medicinal plants of Nanzhonglou formation in Shaanxi Province are used to remove buds and fibrous roots, which is the same as that of many species in the main producing areas of Yunnan and Sichuan [2028-30]. It mainly flows to the surrounding traditional Chinese medicine market, which has a significant impact on regional supply and demand. Due to the increasing shortage of natural resources, the price of medicinal materials continues to be tough. In the first half of 2017, the unit price of dry goods in heavy buildings rose to nearly 1300 yuan per kilogram, which was in short supply, or even the lower price of Yancheng grass appeared. Counterfeits from sources such as roots.

3.2.4 Overview of plant natural resources

At present, the traditional Chinese medicine produced in Shaanxi mainly comes from natural resources. due to the high purchase price, the original people even pick it regardless of season, and the natural distribution area is in the middle altitude area, and the traffic accessibility is high. Natural resources are in fact endangered. Various groups of the genus Rhizoma in Shaanxi have been listed in the second batch of National key protected Wild plants list (Ⅱ) and Chinese species Red list of threatened plants (NT) to vulnerable plants (VU).

The investigation shows that the natural distribution areas of various groups of the Nanzhonglou formation in Shaanxi are obviously crossed, and the relative abundance of individuals is obviously different (see Table 2). It can be seen that the original plants of Zhonglou, a traditional Chinese medicine produced in Shaanxi, mainly come from Zhonglou, wide leaves, narrow leaves, flowers in some counties in southern Shaanxi and Chonglou in Yunnan.

Table 2 Distribution of various groups of Nanzhonglou formation in Shaanxi Province

Note: * refers to the relative abundance of this group among all groups of the naturally distributed Nanzhonglou formation in the survey area, + is very common, + is more common, + is common, + is rare, + is occasional; * all are wax leaf specimens, deposited in the Shaanxi traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Development and Information Research Center and the traditional Chinese Medicine Museum of Shaanxi University of traditional Chinese Medicine respectively.

In order to fill the huge gap in the traditional Chinese medicine market at present and in the foreseeable period, Taibai County, Mei County, Zhenba County, Ningshan County, Mianxian County, Huayin City and other places are actively exploring the ways of artificial production of heavy buildings. a certain number of seedlings have been protected and maintained by means of direct transplanting of wild seedlings and tending in imitation of wild environment, and preliminary results have been achieved in this experiment.