Labor-saving cultivation techniques of Modern Peach Garden in South China

Labor-saving cultivation techniques of Modern Peach Garden in South China

The traditional southern peach planted in Hunan Province and other southern provinces generally has low fixed stem, and the tree shape is cultivated by "one, three, nine", which leads to closed growth in the later stage, early tree senescence, which is not conducive to field operation, and so on. For this reason, our research group has carried out the research on the labor-saving cultivation techniques of the southern modern peach orchard. The author thinks that the southern modern peach orchard should follow three basic requirements: first, the cultivation mode should be labor-saving, in order to improve light and quality. Technical measures to facilitate machine ploughing and carry out wide row planting and high crown cultivation The second is the simplification of tree management, mainly to simplify pruning and simplifying tree shape, and the third is labor-saving of soil fertilizer and water, such as slow-release fertilizer, integration of fertilizer and water, grass cultivation, grass cultivation and mechanization of management. On the basis of meeting the three basic needs, the labor-saving cultivation techniques of modern peach orchards include:

1 high standard garden construction

Peach is a tree that avoids continuous cropping. New peach orchards should choose plots that have not been planted in the past.

The planting ditch was 80 cm wide and 40 cm deep. Before backfilling, mix the topsoil and organic materials according to the ratio of 5 ∶ 1, and the organic materials can choose grain bran, straw, sawdust, Reed stalk, cattle and sheep manure, weeds, bacterial dregs, etc., and then evenly mix them with organic fertilizer 5000 kg and calcium superphosphate 50 kg per 667m2. At the same time, the pH value of the backfilling matrix was measured, and the pH value was adjusted to 6.3-6.5 by adding quicklime. The configured backfilling matrix is backfilled in the shape of tortoise back and watered thoroughly. Using high border cultivation, after 30 days of backfilling, straighten out the root system, water thoroughly, pay attention to the protection of the marriage interface not to be buried in the soil, planting with a high degree of pruning. Advantages: the planting mode of planting dense plants with wide rows and ridges makes it convenient for machinery to enter the garden and saves effort.

2 simplification of tree management

Tree management and cultivation measures based on simplifying pruning and simplifying tree shape. Simplify tree-shaped and wide-row cultivation, and adopt the transformation from more main branches to fewer main branches:

(1) simple and light: the main purpose of close planting is to make use of the advantages of the population to achieve early fruit, early and high yield. Without this purpose, close planting loses its meaning. The dense planting tree is small, the load of single tree is light, there is no need to build a complex and powerful multi-stage skeleton, the tree structure is greatly simplified, light pruning, which is conducive to early fruit. Sparse tree planting must first cultivate a large and strong tree skeleton, the subordinate relationship is strict, and the amount of pruning must be large. Light cutting and growing of sparse trees can also bear fruit earlier, but the expansion of the tree is slow, the yield per unit area is low, and the skeleton is weak, the bearing capacity is poor, and it is difficult to produce high yield in the future.

(2) the combination of promotion and control: "the growth of trees depends on promotion, and the result depends on control." The individual space of sparse tree planting is large, so it is necessary to promote the full expansion of trees in order to make full use of land and light energy, so the early management of sparse tree planting is basically not controlled. Dense tree planting mainly depends on the use of space by groups, and the expansion of individuals is limited, so the management of dense tree planting is both promoting and controlling (spring promoting summer control, root promoting crown control; downward promoting upper control, internal and external control; main promoting auxiliary control, weak promoting strong control, etc.). Only promote uncontrolled results late, only control does not promote low yield. Only by promoting first and then control, both promotion and control, and the combination of promotion and control, can we achieve early results and early high yield.

(3) Summer shearing mainly: winter shearing is to promote potential pruning, which is beneficial to strong trees, and the skeleton culture of sparse planted trees mainly depends on winter shears. Summer shearing is a slow pruning, which is beneficial to the result. Dense planting trees do not have strict requirements for skeletons. Focus on early fruit and high yield, so it mainly depends on summer shearing.

(4) pay attention to the group structure: the space in the early stage of the sparse planting garden is large, the influence among individuals is small, the individual plant is relatively independent and has its own pattern, and the tree structure is emphasized more, but the group structure is not urgently considered. The population of dense planting trees is large, the interaction between individuals is also great, and the population structure evolves rapidly, in addition to the tree structure, the population structure must be considered as soon as possible. To adopt the dense planting method of "wide row and dense plant", it is necessary to regard a row of trees as a tree. The shaping methods that can be adopted: wide-line trunk shaping, hedge shaping, one-side inverted shaping, Y-shaped shaping and so on.

3 key techniques of Y-shaped cultivation of peach trees

Based on the fact that the team is currently engaged in related research on Y-shaped shaping, the author takes the Y-shaped shaping of peach trees as an example, and its key technologies are as follows:

The main results are as follows: (1) the use of Y-shaped plastic surgery requires garden construction on gentle slopes and flat land with sufficient light, sunny, leeward, loose soil, complete drainage and irrigation facilities and convenient transportation. The Y shape is not suitable for those with large slope.

(2) planting:

Period: planted after defoliation in autumn, try not to wait until the following spring. (high survival rate of cultivation and promotion of rooting)

Direction: the north and south behave well, or according to the topography.

Density: 1.2 m × 4.5-5 m, 110-122 plants per 667 m2.

Planting treatment: seedling stem diameter 1.0cm, seedling height 70 cm, after pruning roots, 50% carbendazim 500 times + 50% phoxim 1000 times, kill the source of bacteria and insects in the root zone. Ten seconds after the root time.

The suitable proportion of main varieties and pollinated varieties is 4: 5 ∶ 1, the pollination trees are planted diagonally on the hillside, and a row of pollination trees are planted at vertical intervals of 3 to 4 rows on the flat land.

(3) thinning branches

For the newly planted finished seedlings, all the one-year-old branches on the trunk should be removed, and the middle stem of the seedlings should be truncated, indefinite and grow slowly.

(4) setting up a frame

In the first year, the newly planted young trees were fixed and righted with bamboo poles or sticks to cultivate a solid trunk. From July to August of the second year, when the young trunk reached 2.5-3.0 cm, according to the required angle and orientation of Y-shaped shaping, the young trees should be fixed with thick bamboo poles and tied to an angle of 25 ~ 30 degrees from the vertical direction to take shape at one time.

(5) topdressing

According to N ∶ P ∶ Kraft 3 ∶ 1 ∶ 4, nitrogen fertilizer was the main fertilizer in the early stage, potassium fertilizer was the main fertilizer in the later stage, and organic fertilizer was applied from September to October in autumn according to "1 jin fruit fertilizer 2 jin fertilizer". The amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be strictly controlled from the hard kernel stage to the secondary expansion stage to prevent the occurrence of kernel cracking. (adjusted according to soil fertility) [Jishan Huayao]

(6) Irrigation

Peach trees are resistant to drought and afraid of waterlogging, small water should be watered frequently, and flood irrigation should be avoided. Drainage should also be done in the rainy season in autumn to prevent the occurrence of dead trees in peach orchards.

(7) plastic surgery

Truncation, retraction and thinning in summer: pruning in the first year, setting the stem at 50-60 cm, then leaving two new shoots with a spacing of 10 cm to cultivate two main branches, wiping off the new shoots below 50 cm from the ground at the initial stage of germination, and controlling all the other shoots when the length is 15-20 cm, so that the angle between the two main branches can be kept at 50-60 degrees, so that the two main branches can keep growing naturally. During winter pruning, the extension heads of the two main branches were kept at 50: 60 cm to remove all the fruiting branches, keeping the head upright, vigorous growth, good ventilation and light transmission. At the same time, combined with truncation in early summer and twisting control in autumn. Less cutting in winter and thinning of long shoots in winter: in winter pruning, the fruiting branches were kept 30: 50 cm, the distances of different sides were 15: 20 cm, and the distances of ipsilateral sides were 30: 40 cm, and the other 1-year-old branches were all thinned. In the third year of winter pruning, the elongated head of the main branch was pruned in the third year on the basis of short cut in the previous two years. One fruiting branch was left on the main side branch every 15-20 cm, and the ipsilateral fruiting branch was kept more than 30-40 cm.