Cultivation Techniques of Crispy Red Plum in Yinjiang, Guizhou

Cultivation techniques of crispy Red Plum in Yinjiang, Guizhou

Crispy red plum is a variety of crispy plums in China, with crisp skin and sweet pulp, and the fruit is purplish red after ripening, so it is called crispy red plum. Because of its sweet fruit and high quality, it is loved by consumers and is known as the boutique of plum.

Yinjiang County, Guizhou Province is the main battlefield of poverty alleviation in the country. In recent years, in order to find a way out for the development of agricultural poverty alleviation industry in Yinjiang County, Banxi Town Agricultural Technology extension Station of Yinjiang County introduced crispy red plum experimental planting. The results of cultivation experiment showed that crisp red plum grew well in hilly and Zhongshan geomorphological areas with high yield and excellent quality. It entered the full fruit stage 4 ~ 5 years after planting, the average yield was more than 2000 kg per 667m ~ 2, and the economic benefit was more than 213700 yuan (55 plants / 667m ~ 2). The highest yield per plant is about 150 kg, and the economic benefit is 1050 yuan. The implementation of the cultivation and management of crisp red plum in the mountain area can avoid the problem of yield year after year and increase the income of fruit growers year after year. The cultivation techniques of crispy red plum are introduced as follows.

1 planting technology

1.1 the choice of garden sites

Crisp red plum has no particularly strict requirements on the soil, but because its roots are distributed on the surface of the soil and are not resistant to waterlogging, we should choose sandy soil which is not easy to accumulate water and has a deep soil layer. Select sandy loam with high dry terrain, sunny, leeward, south slope, deep soil layer, fertile soil, loose ventilation, low groundwater level, no plum trees before or more than 5 years after planting, and convenient transportation.

1.2 planting density and soil preparation period

The soil in the mountain area is thin and the slope is large, so it is suitable for fruit growers to plant 1 ~ 2 rows along the soil ridge and the plant spacing is 3 m × 4 m. Planting method: rectangular, square and triangular (pig's foot fork) can be used in flat land, and contour cultivation is mainly used in mountainous area. The time of land preparation is usually in November every year.

1.3 site preparation specifications

80 cm × 80 cm × 60 cm is suitable.

1.4 requirements for seedlings

In order to hang the fruit early and improve the economic benefit, the seedlings must adopt 1-year-old grafted seedlings free of diseases and insect pests.

1.5 planting time and method

The best planting time is from December to January of the following year. The seedling planting method of "three burial, two steps and one lifting seedling" was strictly adopted. That is, first mash the topsoil with mature base fertilizer and backfill, then cover the base fertilizer soil with a layer of thin soil, then put the seedling into the center of the hole, fill the soil until the hole depth is about 3 × 4, gently lift the seedling upward, the seedling height is naturally extended downward with the seedling root, and then step on the backfill soil with the foot, then cover the soil, and then step on the soil; the third covering soil takes the seedling as the center and piles into the shape of high inside, outside and flat on the ground. In this way, it is possible to plant holes to protect fertilizer and soil moisture, prevent stagnant water in the holes and affect the normal growth of seedlings.

2 pruning technique

2.1 truncation and detoxification

After the crisp red plum seedlings were planted, the buds with a dry height of less than 30 cm were wiped off and the full buds with a dry height of 30 cm were preserved. When the sprouting shoots grow to about 2 cm, the new shoots with large angle and strong growth of 4-5 shoots are selected as the main branches, and the other new shoots are cut off from the base to facilitate the cultivation of robust main branches.

2.2 shaping and pruning of young trees

The saplings should be pruned in the first winter after they are planted. During pruning, the main branch was left for about 60 cm. In order to facilitate the expansion of the opening degree of the branch, the outer bud was left as the cutting bud. Competitive branches should be thinned or heavily cut, and the remaining branches can choose not to be cut or lightly cut according to the actual situation. Three or four more pruning will be needed in the second year's growing season. Prune the weak buds, diseased buds and buds that do not grow in the right direction for the first time when sprouting in spring. The second pruning was carried out in the middle and first ten days of May, and the overdense branches were thinned. The branches with positive direction and large angle under the shearing mouth were left as the extended branches on the main branch, and the other branches were treated with coring or light pruning to promote the germination of lateral branches. In order to ensure the advantage of extended branches, it is necessary to thinning and re-cutting competitive branches with small angle and prosperous growth. The third pruning was carried out in the middle of July to shorten the long branches to ensure the development of secondary shoots. Winter pruning can be chosen in December, thinning overlapping branches, and other branches should be cut or not according to the actual situation. After 4 years of pruning, the shaping of young trees is basically completed.

2.3 plastic pruning during the full fruiting period

After 4 years of planting seedlings, crispy plums have entered the initial stage of production, and entered the stage of full fruit in the 6th year. The trees at this stage can easily lead to the emergence of dry branches because of the large amount of fruit and the damage of branches during picking. Therefore, when pruning in winter, all the dry branches should be cut off, the branches that are too dense should be thinned, and the intertwined branches should be short-cut. Other branches can be cut or not according to the actual situation. If pruning is carried out in the growth stage, attention should be paid to the pruning of long branches, and the remaining medium-long branches should be coring or truncated according to the growth of branches, so as to promote the growth of fruiting branches.

3 soil, fertilizer and water management

3.1 soil management

Overall requirements: loose, breathable, deep, no stagnant water, more fertile.

Be sure to turn the soil deeply and apply sufficient base fertilizer before planting. After planting, the holes were expanded year by year to facilitate the expansion of roots and the growth of new roots. In the young stage, before the canopy is closed, intercropping can be appropriate, but the planting of long-stalk crops should be avoided, preferably with legume green manure or potato, feed, etc.; intercropping is not suitable after the middle canopy is closed, and the method of growing grass combined with clear ploughing can be adopted. in the off-season when crispy red plum trees need water and fertilizer, let them grow grass naturally and prevent the loss of water, soil and fertilizer. In the critical period when crispy red plum trees need water and fertilizer, weeds should be eradicated and returned to the soil after ripening and composting, which can not only solve the contradiction between weeds and crispy red plum trees competing for fertilizer, but also conserve water and fertilizer, and provide proper fertilizer for crispy red plum trees.

3.2 fertilization

The requirement ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of crispy red plum is 1.0 ∶ 0.4 ∶ 1.6, which can be used as a reference for fertilization.

3.2.1 fertilization for young trees: fertilization for young trees should be applied frequently and thinly. The freshly planted crisp red plum seedlings are in no hurry to fertilize. After the new shoots turn green, each plant begins to apply 0.2% urea, plus 0.2% compound fertilizer 3: 5 kg, or with rotten human and animal feces or rotten peanut bran water fertilizer (diluted at 1:20), which is beneficial to the growth of branches and shoots. Once a month, topdressing 5-6 times a year, mainly nitrogen fertilizer. The rotten farm manure is the best to re-apply base fertilizer from September to October.

3.2.2 fertilization for adult trees: for crispy red plums which generally enter the fruit-hanging stage, basal fertilizer should be applied once a year and topdressing for 3 or 4 times. Base fertilizer: the amount of fertilizer applied in the whole year accounts for 50%-80%, mainly late-acting farm manure, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1 ∶ 0.5 ∶ 1. The suitable application period of base fertilizer is from late September to the first and middle of October, and the principle of "deep, heavy and comprehensive" is emphasized. Ditch application is the main method. Topdressing: for every 50 kg fruit, 150 kg of human fecal urine, 2.5 kg of urea, 3 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 3 kg of potash fertilizer should be applied.

3.3 Irrigation and drainage

3.3.1 Irrigation: although the crisp red plum is drought resistant, in order to achieve high yield, there must be adequate water supply. Flowering should not be irrigated, otherwise it will cause falling flowers and fruits.

It only needs to be watered once in a normal year, that is, watering (especially ditch application) after the application of base fertilizer in autumn. In case of drought years, water before flowering, water after anthesis, fruit expansion water and so on.

3.3.2 drainage: crisp red plum trees are resistant to drought and waterlogging, and should be drained in time in case of heavy rain to keep the garden from stagnant water.

(4) Disease and pest control

The main diseases of crispy red plum are brown rot, gum disease and so on, and the main pests are red spider, peach heart borer, peach borer and so on.

Measures for disease control: 800-fold solution of methyl topiramate and 800-fold solution of mancozeb were selected for spraying.

Pest control: focus on prevention, eliminating eggs in winter, smearing Pomedo stone sulfur mixture on the basic trunk of crispy red plum, spraying the trunk and surrounding ground of crispy red plum with 500-fold solution of trichlorfon powder or 500-fold solution of zinc parathion in spring to prevent pests from entering the trunk. The peak of the occurrence of peach heart borer and peach borer is in May. It can be sprayed for 2 or 3 times with 500 times solution or 2000 times solution of dimethoate, and the spraying period is 7 days.