Soilless cultivation method of Tomato

Tomato soilless culture method

Scheme 1

I. Facility conditions

A soilless culture system is installed in the greenhouse, comprising a culture groove, irrigation facilities and culture substrates.

1. Cultivation tank: 80cm in the north and 30cm in the south of the greenhouse. The cultivation tank with north-south direction shall be built with bricks. The inner diameter is 48cm wide. The frame of the tank is 24cm high. The bricks shall be laid flat. The groove shall be spaced 72cm apart. A layer of plastic film with thickness of 0.1mm shall be laid at the base of the tank. The top brick shall be used to press the film edge. Clean river sand with thickness of 3cm shall be laid on the film. A layer of woven bag shall be laid on the sand. The bag shall be filled with cultivation substrate.

2. Irrigation facilities: tap water facilities or a reservoir with a water level difference of 1.5 meters shall be built. An independent irrigation system shall be built in a single greenhouse. Plastic pipes shall be used for the drip irrigation belt in the main pipeline and cultivation tank in the greenhouse. 1~2 drip irrigation belts shall be set in the tank, and narrow plastic film with a thickness of 0.1 mm shall be covered.

3. Cultivation substrate: organic substrate can be corn stalk, mushroom residue, sawdust, etc., inorganic substrate with sand or slag, such as coal gangue, sawdust, corn stalk, the mixing ratio is 1:2:2. 15 days before use, the substrate is piled to a thickness of 25 cm, sprayed with moisture and covered with a film for sterilization, then 2 kg of organic fertilizer special for soilless culture and 10 kg of sterilized chicken manure are added into each square meter of substrate, and the groove can be filled after uniform mixing. The substrate is disinfected after each crop harvest.

2. Soilless seedling

Maofen 802, a tomato variety with low temperature tolerance, low light tolerance, high yield and strong disease resistance, was soaked in seed at the end of September to germinate. After most seeds were exposed to white, artificial soilless plug seedling could be adopted. According to peat: vermiculite ratio of 3:1, prepare a good substrate, add 5kg chicken manure and 0.5kg vermiculite compound fertilizer into each square meter of substrate, mix evenly and fill it into 72-hole plastic tray, sow one seed in each hole, cover vermiculite by 1cm, and separate the hole tray from the soil with plastic film. The temperature before emergence was kept at 25~30℃, and the temperature after emergence was 20~25℃ during the day and 10~15℃ at night. The seedling tray should be kept moist, and the seedlings can be planted when they grow 3 to 4 true leaves. The seedling age is about 30 days.

III. Planting

Before planting, the substrate shall be evened and leveled, and the culture tank shall be irrigated by immersion to make the substrate fully absorb water. When water seeps out of the culture tank, planting shall be carried out according to 2 rows in each tank, the substrate shall be slightly higher than the seedling lump, the plant spacing shall be 30cm, 3000 plants shall be planted per mu, and small water shall be irrigated after planting.

IV. Cultivation Management

1. Fertilizer and water management: topdressing begins 20 days after planting, and then topdressing every 10 days, applying 10~ 15g of special fertilizer each time; topdressing once 7 days after fruiting, applying 25g of special fertilizer each time. Fertilizers should be spread evenly 5 cm from the roots and allowed to seep into the matrix with water. In addition, carbon dioxide gas fertilizer can also be applied in the shed. After planting, water every 5 days.

2. Temperature and light management: After planting, the indoor temperature is 22~25℃ during the day and 10~15℃ at night. After fruiting, it is 25~28℃ in the day and 12℃ at night.

3. Hanging vine and pruning: When seedlings have 6~7 leaves, hang vine with polypropylene plastic rope, the upper part of rope is fixed on the iron wire of scaffold, and the lower part is tied on the stem base. Stems and vines intertwine with hanging ropes to keep upright growth. When pruning, only the main shaft is kept to grow and bear fruit, and all the lateral branches in the axils are removed. When the lateral branches are 10~15 cm long, the branches are cut off.

4. Protecting flowers and fruits and thinning fruits: Dip flowers with 10~15 mg/kg 2.4-D solution from 7 to 9 in the morning to improve fruit setting rate. In order to ensure that the fruit is large and of good quality, 3~4 fruits are reserved for each plant, and the rest of the flowers and fruits should be thinned out in time. (523079 Dongguan city botanical garden)

Scheme 2

1. There is no strict requirement for tomato variety selection in organic ecological substrate cultivation, and the varieties with high yield, disease resistance and good quality should be selected according to the consumption habits of local residents. Maofen 802, Zhongza 9, Jiafen 15 and Zhongshu 4 with large fruit type are mostly used in production at present.

2. After the construction of cultivation bed and the filling of substrate, the cultivation groove is dug according to the north-south direction, and the inner diameter is 0.48 meters wide and 0.15 meters deep. A layer of plastic film is laid on the bottom of the trough to isolate it from the soil, and the trough is filled with 2 - 3 cubic meters of substrate, and the substrate ratio is peat: slag =4:6. 5 kg of solid organic fertilizer and 1.5 kg of ternary compound fertilizer shall be mixed into each cubic meter of substrate before tank filling.

3. Cultivation season and crop arrangement organic ecological substrate cultivation tomato can be carried out in solar greenhouse and plastic shed, early spring, late autumn, winter can be cultivated. Early spring crops are sown in late January and planted in late March; autumn crops are sown in late July and planted in early September; winter crops are sown in late November and planted in late December.

4. The drip irrigation system adopts natural pressure drip irrigation of water storage tank. Independent water storage tank is established in single shed. The tank is 4 meters long, 1.5 meters wide and 2 meters high. The bottom surface of the tank should be 0.5 meters higher than the ground level. To prevent shading and taking up excessive planting area, ponds should be built along the gable walls of greenhouses or greenhouses. The main pipe in the shed and the drip irrigation belt in the cultivation tank can be paved with two dropper pipes and grooves, and a layer of narrow plastic film with a thickness of 0.1mm can be coated on the dropper belt to prevent the drip irrigation water from spraying and evaporating.

5. Seedlings and planting: Artificial soilless plug seedling method was adopted. The seedling substrate is mixed with peat and vermiculite according to the volume ratio of 2:1, and then 10kg dried chicken manure is added into the mixed substrate according to 1 cubic meter, and mixed evenly. The substrate is irrigated with water, and after the water permeates, the seeds are sown, one seed is planted in each hole, the dry seeds are directly sown, and the seedling substrate with the thickness of 0.5cm is covered after sowing. The temperature before emergence was kept at 25~30℃, and the temperature after emergence was 20~25℃ during the day and 10~15℃ at night. The seedling tray should be kept moist. 3 - 4 true leaves can be planted, about 30 days. Before planting, the culture substrate is turned evenly and watered once to make the substrate fully absorb water. After water infiltration, the pit is planted according to 2 rows in each groove, so that the substrate is slightly higher than the seedling lump, the plant spacing is 30cm, and 3000 plants are planted per mu. After planting, small water is irrigated.

6. Field management after planting ① temperature. During tomato growth, the indoor temperature is maintained at 21~24℃ during the day, and the air is released when it exceeds 27℃; at night, it is 16~18℃. It can keep the temperature higher for 5 hours after sunset and lower for the rest of the night. 2. Fertilizer and water management. After planting, water is usually irrigated once every 5 days to keep the rhizosphere matrix moist. Fruit setting logistics watering, generally sunny day watering once a day, the time is 30 minutes. Little or no watering on cloudy days. According to the number of ears and planting density of tomato, 3~5 ears need topdressing 4~6 times. More in the fruit expansion period topdressing, every 10 to 15 days 1 time. Each cubic meter of substrate is 1.5 kg of sterilized chicken manure plus 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer (containing 14% nitrogen, 10% phosphorus, 14% potassium, 4% calcium, 9% magnesium, 6% sulfur, 2% iron and trace elements such as manganese, copper, molybdenum and boron). Fertilizers should be evenly spread at 5 cm from the roots and can penetrate into the matrix with water. 3. Plant adjustment. After flowering, tomato plants were suspended by plastic ropes. The pruning method adopts single pruning to reduce insect pests and improve yield. Generally, 3 - 4 fruits are left per panicle. Remove old leaves, diseased leaves and lower leaves of mature fruit in time, and take them out for outdoor treatment. Generally, 6~7 ears and fruits are pinched in late autumn and 8~10 ears and fruits are pinched in early spring or winter and spring.④ pollination. Hormone treatment is not generally used in pollution-free tomato production. Artificial oscillation pollination or insect assisted pollination is adopted. Artificial oscillation pollination was carried out at 10 - 11 am every day after flowering. Bee pollination is often used for insect assisted pollination. 5. Fruit bagging. After fruit setting, tomato was bagged with colorless transparent polyethylene film bag with length of 220mm, width of 160mm and thickness of 0.08 mm. Cover the film bag on the fruit, and then tie the film bag mouth together at the fruit handle with a string, but not too tight to prevent the lateral growth of the fruit handle, while maintaining a certain degree of ventilation. The fruit can be marketed together in the same bag. Fruit bagging can prevent pesticides from being sprayed directly on the fruit and absorbed by the fruit epidermis before the safety interval.

7. Agricultural and biological control are the main methods of pest control, and chemical control is the auxiliary method. When chemical control is adopted, low toxicity and low residue pesticides are selected, and attention is paid to the safe use interval to ensure that the products are not contaminated by pesticides.

8. After harvesting fruits into green ripening period, the top began to turn orange yellow harvest is more appropriate.