Soilless cultivation techniques of Color Sweet Pepper in Multi-span greenhouse

Soilless cultivation techniques of Color Sweet Pepper in Multi-span greenhouse

1 greenhouse facilities

The greenhouse for growing fruit-shaped sweet peppers is either single-family or multi-span. The greenhouse for planting fruit-shaped sweet pepper in the production base is a 12-span plastic greenhouse with a total ground area of 4860 m2, a width of 9 m, a shoulder height of 3.4m, a top height of 5.5m and a length of 45m. The top of the greenhouse is equipped with sunshade net system, ventilation system, insect control net designed around the greenhouse, well-laid drip irrigation piping system in the greenhouse, and the cultivation trough for soilless cultivation is made of reinforced concrete, which is 100cm long, 20 cm wide and 20 cm high, and can also be replaced by plastic PVC cultivation trough or plastic foam box of the same specification. 2 drainage holes with an aperture of about 1 cm are designed at the bottom of the cultivation tank (box) to eliminate excessive water in the rhizosphere substrate during drip irrigation.

2 matrix and nutrient solution

2.1 preparation of implant substrate

Substrate cultivation is the most commonly used way of soilless cultivation of crops, and it is also a good planting model of fruit sweet pepper, with good product quality, high yield, cleanliness and hygiene, less root diseases and insect pests, no need for intermediate ploughing and weeding, and the labor intensity of cultivation and management is relatively small. The formula of the substrate for soilless cultivation of fruit sweet pepper is: coconut bran, rotten wood bran and rotten sheep dung, with a volume ratio of 1:1:1, evenly mixed with a blender or manual mixer, and then wet with 50 times dilution of formalin (40% formaldehyde solution). At the same time, use carbosulfan (trade name "good year winter") insecticidal solution 500 times 1000 times dilution to wet the substrate together. To enhance the germicidal and insecticidal efficacy, the substrate after soaking through the disinfectant was sealed and covered with plastic film for 15 days in the open air, and the covered plastic film was opened 10 to 15 days before planting, so that the substrate was exposed to the wind and sun, and the substrate was loaded into the cultivation trough to plant seedlings.

2.2 preparation and use of nutrient solution

The cultivation of fruit sweet pepper in greenhouse substrate advocates the use of drip irrigation system for integrated management of water and fertilizer, saving labor, fertilizer, water, high efficiency and environmental protection. The formula of nutrient solution for fertilization is mainly based on the absorption of nutrients by fruit sweet pepper combined with the water quality of water used for irrigation. The author has used the following formula to prepare nutrition mother liquor for many years to prepare mother liquor An and B respectively. The raw materials and quantity needed for the preparation of mother liquor An and B are shown in Table 1. The volume of the two kinds of mother liquor tanks is 1000 L respectively. When preparing A mother liquor, all kinds of raw materials were weighed according to the formula data of table 1 mother liquor A, completely dissolved with a small amount of water, poured into A mother liquid tank, and then diluted to 1000 L by adding water into the tank. Similarly, according to the data of the formula of mother liquor B in Table 1, all kinds of raw materials were weighed, dissolved in water and poured into the B mother liquid tank, then diluted to 1000 L. When fertilizing sweet pepper each time, 3L of An and B2 kinds of nutrient mother liquor were mixed and diluted with water for 1000 times. It is best to adjust the pH pH value of the nutrient solution to 6.5-7.5. If the pH value can be adjusted to 7.0, the pH value of the nutrient solution can be increased by adding dilute alkali solution such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to neutralize. To reduce the pH value of the nutrient solution, add dilute sulfuric acid or dilute nitric acid solution to neutralize. Then the diluted nutrient solution is applied into the cultivation trough substrate through the eyedropper of the irrigation system to supply the nutrients and water needed by the crop plant. The EC value of soluble salt in fertilizer and water solution was measured by electrical conductivity meter, and the pH value was measured by acid-base concentration meter. The formula nutrient solution is used for soilless cultivation of fruit sweet pepper in greenhouse, which has the advantages of strong branch and leaf growth, high fruit yield, good appearance and flavor quality.

The integrated management of water and fertilizer in the production base adopts Israel's NETAFIM drip irrigation and fertilization system and Eldar-shany automatic irrigation and fertilization system. The nutrient mother liquid is extracted and diluted into the solution of the required concentration, and then the time or amount of drip irrigation is set on the computer, and the crops can be irrigated regularly or quantitatively.

Table 1 Formula of nutrient mother solution for soilless cultivation of fruit sweet pepper in greenhouse

Note: the data in the table are the amount of 1000 L mother liquor prepared.

(3) improved varieties and seedlings

3.1 Superior varieties

The varieties of fruit sweet pepper selected by the author for many years are all varieties produced by RIJK ZWAAN seed Company of the Netherlands. These varieties have good quality, high yield, uniform fruit shape and bright fruit color. The specific main varieties are as follows.

3.1.1 Mandy

The plant has the advantages of medium growth potential, short internodes, high fruit setting rate, lantern shape, turning red when ripe, fruit length 8 cm, diameter 9~10cm, single fruit weight 200 g 260 g, thick pulp, good appearance, bright color, green fruit or red fruit harvested, storage tolerance, resistance to tobacco mosaic virus, suitable for planting in plastic greenhouse in autumn, winter and early spring.

3.1.2 Tarando

The plant has strong growth potential, short internodes, square fruit, turning yellow after maturity, fruit length 10 cm 12 cm, diameter 9 cm, single fruit weight 250 g 300 g, bright appearance, green fruit or yellow fruit harvested, storage resistance, resistance to tobacco mosaic virus, tomato spot wilt virus and potato Y disease, suitable for greenhouse planting in early spring and summer.

3.1.3 Sun Red

The growth potential of the plant is medium, the Internode is short, the fruit setting rate is high, the fruit is lantern-shaped, it turns red after maturity, the fruit length is 8 ~ 10 cm, the diameter is 9~10cm, and the weight of single fruit is 200 ~ 250 g. Thick pulp, bright appearance, bright color, green or red fruit harvest, storage resistance, resistance to tobacco mosaic virus disease and potato virus Y disease, heat resistance, suitable for spring and summer plastic greenhouse planting.

Of the fruit-shaped sweet peppers cultivated by the company, other varieties with red fruits are Fukang, Niri, Red Taiji and Safiro. other varieties that are yellow are Golden Guan, Jiali, Huang Taiji and Golden bag, and the orange varieties are Simpson. Can be planted for commercial production.

3.2 sowing and raising seedlings

The seeds used for sowing seedlings were wrapped with gauze and blanched in 50-55 ℃ hot water for 30 min, then soaked in water at a constant temperature of 28-30 ℃ for 4 hours, the seeds were removed and washed with 1% potassium permanganate solution or 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 min. Finally, rinse the seeds with tap water, rinse the medicine solution clean, and spread the seeds on the wet gauze in the tray. Cover it with a layer of moist gauze and put it in a thermostat for 25 ℃. The seeds germinated in about 6-7 days. The germinated seeds are sown to the seedling tray which has been filled with nutritious soil, and those that germinate first are sown first. The seedling can be raised with a hole plate of 50 or 72 holes, and the seedling substrate is evenly prepared with peat soil, perlite and vermiculite according to the volume proportion at 6:3:1. After the hole plate is loaded into the substrate, spray water is sprayed on the top of the hole plate to make the substrate completely wet, then sow seeds at a depth of 1 cm, sow 1 seed in each hole, and then cover with perlite and vermiculite with a thickness of about 0.5 cm. The best temperature for raising seedlings is 25-30 ℃. If the temperature is higher than 30 ℃, the seedlings are easy to grow in vain. From the beginning of seed germination to 35-40 days, the seedlings with 5-6 true leaves and a height of about 10 cm can be bred, which can be used for planting. In order to control the temperature and moisture in the seedling raising process, we can only use a small sprayer to spray clear water to replenish the water in the seedling tray matrix, and the seedling substrate should stop replenishing water 3 days before seedling transplanting.

3.3 production period

Planting fruit sweet pepper in greenhouse, because the top of the greenhouse is equipped with sunshade net system and ventilation system, the sunshade net can be stretched and ventilation system can be opened to cool down in high temperature weather in summer and autumn. therefore, seedlings can be raised in late June every year, transplant in mid-late July, enter the harvest period in early October, and the harvest period can last from late April to mid-May of the following year. For example, the seedling raising time of greenhouse without sunshade net system and ventilation system can be delayed to late July.

4 fine colonization

The planting depth of sweet pepper seedlings is just buried in the roots of the seedlings with nutritious soil, and can not be buried through cotyledons. The row spacing in the cultivation trough was 150 cm. The seedlings were planted in a single row in the cultivation trough. The plant spacing was 30: 35 cm. After planting, the roots were watered with enough water. After planting slow seedlings, the roots were irrigated with agricultural streptomycin 5000 times dilution solution to prevent root diseases. The average root irrigation solution was 200 mL/ each time, with an interval of 15 days.

5 Water and fertilizer management

Sweet pepper began to resume growth after 4 days of planting, and began drip irrigation. The nutrient solution was dripped 2-3 times a day, 5 min each time, and the humidity of the substrate could be controlled at about 80%. The EC value of nutrient solution applied in the early growth stage of sweet pepper is 1.8-2.2, the EC value of nutrient solution applied in flowering and fruiting stage is 2.1-2.5, the EC value of nutrient solution applied in fruit ripening stage is 2.4-2.8, and the pH value of nutrient solution in the whole growth process is 6.5-7.5. Foliar topdressing has obvious effect on increasing yield of fruit sweet pepper. Foliar topdressing should be applied once every 7 to 10 days. Foliar fertilizer is commonly used in urea (0.2%), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.2%) or compound foliar fertilizer sold in agricultural market, such as brassinolide (diluted 100000 times), rare earth foliar fertilizer (800% 1000 times) and so on. Weeds growing in the cultivation trough should be removed in time to avoid weeds competing for fertilizer and water.

6 Plant management

6.1 pruning

The sweet pepper was pruned with double main vines. Two robust branches were selected and cultured as double main vines in the branches of the main stem, and all the other lateral branches were cut off. Hang the vine with nylon rope, set up two No. 10 iron wires at an interval of about 50 cm at a height of 2.5m above the cultivation trough, tie one end of the main stem near the ground with two nylon ropes of 5 mm in diameter, and then two nylon ropes are respectively wound clockwise around the two main vines, pulling the rope upward in a "Y" shape, with an angle of about 30 degrees between the two ropes, lifting the main vine upward and leading the vine to grow upward. So that the 2 main vine can naturally upright and grow without drooping, but can not overpull the main vine, the other end of the nylon rope is fixed on the top of the iron wire, and the nylon rope hanging the main vine is twisted around to extend the growth of the main vine in the process of plant growth. so that the two main vines can prolong the growth fruit upright. Except for two main vines, all the lateral branches and buds of the plant were removed during the whole growing period.

6.2 pollination

The ventilation and light conditions in the plastic greenhouse are relatively poor in the open field, and there is a lack of pollination by insects such as bees, so the production of sweet pepper needs artificial pollination after entering the flowering stage. Artificial pollination uses a diluted solution of plant growth regulator "p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid" (trade name "Tomato Ling") with a concentration of 3040 mg/L, dip it with a brush and gently tap to the pistil in full bloom.

6.3 removing old leaves

In order to reduce the waste of nutrition, the leaves growing below the door pepper of the sweet pepper plant should be removed in time. In the middle and later stage of the results, the old and yellow leaves in the lower part of the plant were cut off, the light conditions were improved, the ventilation and light transmission were improved, and the photosynthetic efficiency and fruit appearance quality were improved.

6.4 Fruit thinning

Fruit-type sweet pepper began to leave fruit at the second node, one fruit was left at every node when the plant was strong (the diameter of the main stem was more than 1.5cm and the diameter of the first node of the main vine was more than 1.0cm), and one fruit was left at two nodes in the middle and later stages of plant growth. when the fruit grew to the size of an egg (about 3.5cm in transverse diameter), the fruit was best thinned, the fruits of diseases and insect pests and malformations were removed, and the fruits with symmetrical and well-developed fruit types were selected. So that it can get adequate nutrition.

7 main diseases and insect pests and their control

The common diseases of fruit-type sweet pepper planted in greenhouse are blight, bacterial wilt, leaf spot, root rot and so on, and the pests are Spodoptera litura, Liriomyza huidobrensis, whitefly, aphid, thrips, diamondback moth and so on. The author uses the combination of pesticide control and physical control methods such as yellow board and trapping lamp to control diseases and insect pests. Yellow board and avermectin (such as "Avermectin"), thiazide (such as "Aktai"), imidacloprid (such as "great hero"), Bacillus thuringiensis and acetamiprid were used to control Liriomyza huidobrensis, whitefly, aphids, thrips and diamondback moth. To control Spodoptera litura, Pieris rapae, Liriomyza huidobrensis, thrips and mites with mites. Blight, leaf spot, Fusarium wilt and root rot can be controlled by methyl topiramate, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, propofol hydrochloride (such as "Prike"), agricultural streptomycin, etc. the epidemic disease can be prevented and treated with metalaxyl dilution or Ruidu manganese-zinc dilution; the concentration of spray pesticide solution can be prepared according to the recommended concentration of packaging instructions.

8 harvesting

The sweet pepper fruit can be ripe and harvested about 60 days after sitting. When picking the fruit, cut off the pepper fruit with scissors, the leaf axilla can not leave the stalk, the cut fruit should be about 1.5 cm in length, the incision should be smooth to prevent the pepper fruit from injury, handle it gently, and the inside of the harvest box containing pepper fruit should be clean, hygienic and dry.