The shaping technology of pear trees with scaffolding structure

The shaping technology of pear trees with scaffolding structure

Scaffolding pears originated in Japan, South Korea and China are also used. The tree shape is mainly used on pear trees of sand pear system, such as Fengshui, Xingao, Golden, Century and so on. The flower formation of sand pear is generally easy, and the branch group becomes weaker after many years, and it is easy to form chicken claw branch, and the fruit size and quality will become worse after fruiting continuously. The use of scaffolding tree cultivation can easily cultivate new branches and fruit, and effectively overcome the above problems. Therefore, it is widely used in Japan, at the same time, the tree can reduce the harm of typhoon and labor intensity, and is easy to operate, so it is worth studying and popularizing. Many domestic fruit growers do not understand the tree-shaped culture process of scaffolding pears, resulting in the construction of a lot of scaffolding, but not many scaffolding pear trees, seriously affecting the role of scaffolding. This paper briefly introduces the structure and tree culture of scaffolding pears.

Fig. 1 fruit of pear trees in scaffolding

1 scaffolding pear tree structure

All the main branches and branch groups of the scaffolding pear are fixed on the surface of the steel wire, and the whole crown has one layer, which has the advantage of good ventilation and light, and stable results (figure 1, figure 2), which is beneficial to the cultivation of new fruiting branches. The growth of the branch group is consistent with the shelf surface, and it is easy to operate, which can effectively reduce the labor intensity. Generally, scaffolding pears can be divided into three main branches and four main branches. on the main branches of the three main branches, each main branch has three large lateral branches (called sub-main branches in Japan), and the tree shape of the four main branches has two large lateral branches on each main branch (figure 3, figure 4).

Fig. 2 pear tree structure of scaffolding

Fig. 3 tree structure of three main branches

Fig. 4 Tree structure of four main branches

There are 12 backbone branches on each tree, and then the result branch group is cultured from the backbone branch, and the result branch group is constantly updated, usually once every three or four years. The row distance of the scaffolding pear plant is 8 meters × 8 meters, and the distance between the first side branch and the trunk is 80 cm. For the scaffolding pear tree with four main branches, the distance from the first side branch to the second largest side branch is 80 cm. For the scaffolding pear with three main branches, the distance between the second and third largest lateral branches is 50-60 cm, the distance between the second backbone branch and the first backbone branch is 80 cm, and the distance between the two parallel backbone branches is 2 meters. The distance between the plant row and the backbone branch is large enough to provide enough space for the growth of the fruiting branch group (figure 5).

Fig. 5 structure and arrangement of backbone branches

2 scaffolding construction

In our country, some scaffolding pear orchards are cultivated after big trees are grafted, some are transformed from the original layered or spindle-shaped trees, and some are cultivated after young trees are planted (there is no need to build scaffolding in the first and second years of young tree cultivation). The sources of scaffolding pear trees are diverse, and the scaffolding tree structure cultivated is more diverse, but there are few standardized and scientific scaffolding trees. The main types of scaffolding production in China are: horizontal scaffolding, trapezoidal scaffolding, arched scaffolding and so on. In Japan, most of the scaffolding model is supported by steel pipe, and a 4ft 5-meter hanging post is set up in the center of the garden. And equipped with hanging lines to relieve the pressure on the shed surface. The cost of this kind of scaffolding is high. Cement columns are generally used instead of steel pipes in our country, but hanging posts and wires are not needed. The economic life of pear trees is long, and the use of metal galvanized tubes to build scaffolding is long, and the effect is better. The scaffolding consists of a mesh of columns and wire. There are three kinds of columns: corner column, side column and hanging column (figure 6). Corner column: standing at the four corners of the scaffolding, using cement columns of 12 cm x 12 cm x 330 cm. Side columns: erect around the scaffolding, one every 3 meters, using 10 cm × 10 cm × 285 cm cement columns. Small iron rings should be buried at the top of corner columns and side columns in prefabrication to facilitate the formation of mesh surfaces through steel strands and iron wires. Hanging posts: evenly distributed in the scaffolding, using cement columns with a diameter of about 8 cm and a length of 4 meters. Its function is to pull the net surface. A disc with 9 small holes is welded at the top of the hanging column, and the wire of the net surface is fixed at the top of the hanging column through the small hole. The net surface is made of steel strands and No. 8 galvanized iron wire interspersed and woven. 16mm steel strands can also be used to save costs. Steel strands: the top of the scaffolding and the middle of the vertical and horizontal every 3 millimeters of steel strands, the formation of the grid for the entire network of the skeleton. Iron wire: after the steel strand skeleton is formed, add a No. 8 or No. 10 wire every 50 cm to form a mesh of 50 cm square.

Fig. 6 scaffolding structure diagram

3 scaffolding tree culture

In order to cultivate the shape of the tree, we first need to select strong and large seedlings, which need to be fixed at 80cm and 100cm when planting. Generally, in June of that year, we can produce 3 or 4 strong new branches (figure 7). These branches are the main branches in the future and need to be taken seriously. In late June, the new branches are bound with bamboo poles in order to fix the angle of the branches, which is generally 45 °with the ground. In the second spring, the corresponding main branches should be fixed with an upright bamboo pole in order to improve the growth of the main branches and cultivate into a tree shape as soon as possible (Fig. 8).

Fig. 7 Tree culture in the year of planting

Fig. 8 fixation of the main branch in the spring of the second year after planting

Generally, the corresponding scaffolding should be built in the third or fourth year after planting, and the main branches should continue to be fixed with bamboo poles in the third year. The angle between the bamboo pole and the ground is 45 °, and the main branch is fixed on the shelf surface at the same time. The distance between the first fixed point of the two main branches is 1.6-1.8 meters (figure 9, figure 10). However, the extended branch of the main branch can not be fixed, so it is necessary to maintain a certain angle (45 °) with the shelf surface in order to improve the growth of the main branch. The third and fourth year after planting is the key period for cultivating the main branch, which should be bound and fixed in time, and at the same time, we should pay attention to strengthening the fertilizer and water, reducing the fruit setting and maintaining the angle of the main branch, so as to improve the growth of the main branch in order to take shape as soon as possible. In China, because many fruit growers do not master this technology, they cultivate the tree shape of the scaffolding into a funnel tree. In the process of scaffolding tree-shaped cultivation, the branches of the first large side branch can be pulled backward to form a return branch and bear fruit to fill the vacancy of the trunk.

Fig. 9 main branch fixation

Fig. 10 main branch fixation

(4) Culture of backbone branches

The tree structure is mainly determined by the backbone branches. during the culture of the backbone branches of the scaffolding pear, 2 or 3 new shoots with good growth are selected from the elongated branches of the main branches or large lateral branches (generally 20 cm 30 cm, which is about 1 cm of the long branches of the new shoots). The cut leaves buds. In the second year, a strong one is selected as an extension branch. When the new shoot of the main branch or large side branch grows weak, the weight of 2-3 buds can be cut short, and the cut leaves buds in order to improve the tree potential. Maintaining a certain angle of the main branch and side branch extending the head is the key to improve its growth potential. Generally, the elevation angle of 40 °is more suitable (figure 11), and the extension head can be supported by a bamboo pole on the shelf surface. In this way, the backbone branches were cultivated in two or three years, and they could bear fruit in the third year. 5-6 years after planting, the pear trees basically took shape, and the fruit trees began to enter the full fruit stage (figure 12).

Fig. 11 treatment of backbone branches

Fig. 12 scaffolding pear trees initially entering the full fruit stage