The appearance quality of Yantai Apple Fruit and the production Technology of High-grade Fine Apple

The problem of Fruit appearance quality of "Yantai Apple" and the production Technology of High-grade Fine Apple

With the improvement of people's living standards and the increase of the total amount of fruit, the demand for the quality of apple fruit is getting higher and higher, not only good internal quality, rich juice, sour, sweet and delicious-delicious, but also beautiful appearance-good-looking (happy to buy); and pollution-free-safe (eat at ease). Acquirers price according to quality, good fruit and good price, good fruit in short supply, bad fruit difficult to sell, the apple industry is no longer the era of only the pursuit of output. In 2017, Fuji apples in Penglai, a rich producing area of "Yantai apples", cost more than 12 yuan per kilogram because of their good quality, while apples in Qixia, Zhaoyuan and other counties and cities sold for only 6 yuan per kilogram, with a half difference in benefit (figure 1). If there are bitter pox disease, red and black spot disease, chicken claw lines and cracking fruit, fruit, etc., it can only be sold for 0.5 yuan per kilogram. The implementation of fine management, the production of high-grade fine fruit is the only way for the development of "Yantai Apple".

Fig. 1 Apple purchase price of Penglai Daxin store and Qixia Zangjiazhuang

1 the problem of fruit appearance quality

1.1 the color difference meter has poor light.

1.1.1 Old varieties generally have poor coloring and poor surface light, while Qiufu 1, Changfu 2 and other old varieties need to be updated.

1.1.2 improper cultivation measures at present, there are many problems in orchards, such as soil acidification, low content of soil organic matter, unscientific fertilizer and water management and improper control of diseases and insect pests, which affect the internal quality and appearance quality of fruits. Too much nitrogen fertilizer green fruit is not easy to color, too much or insufficient potassium fertilizer and too much boron and magnesium fertilizer will lead to fruit yellowing.

1.2 element deficiency

Bitter pox, chicken claw pattern, textured skin and split fruit (Fig. 2-Fig. 5) are all physiological diseases caused by lack of calcium or boron in fruit trees. Red and black spot disease (Fig. 6) is also caused by lenticels rupture caused by calcium deficiency, followed by bacterial infection.

Fig. 5 crack fig. 6 red and black spot disease

1.3 Fruit

There are mainly six kinds of scab on the surface of fruit: fruit disease caused by fruit virus; freezing caused by cold in late spring and frost in flowering season; pesticide and fertilizer caused by spraying pesticides and foliar fertilizer on trees; water moulds caused by poor quality of paper bags (wet in case of rain, long-term absorption of fruit surface) or improper operation (air vents are not opened, etc.); improper pest control such as aphids in young fruit Insect infestation caused by contamination of fruit surface by pest droppings.

1.4 the fruit is small and not in the right shape

The size and shape of fruit are the basic indicators to measure the commodity grade of fruit. Improper thinning of flowers and fruit, too much fruit, unreasonable fertilizer and water can lead to too small fruit. Poor varieties and poor pollination will lead to incorrect fruit shape, fruit shape flat and skewed deformity will affect the sales price.

1.5 rotten fruit

Improper prevention and control of fruit diseases such as anthracnose and ring disease directly lead to rotten fruit.

(2) the inherent quality of fruits.

Due to excessive use of large chemical fertilizer and early harvest, the fruit has low sugar content, poor pulp hardness and brittleness, and poor flavor quality. In some orchards, there are unscientific use of drugs and the use of inferior fertilizers that do not meet the national regulations, which make the safety of fruit worse.

3 solving measures

3.1 selection of new varieties and virus-free seedlings

Now the promotion of Yanfu 8, Yanfu 3, Shenfu 6, Luli, Fuli and other new varieties of color and light are very good, fruit-shaped piles are not skewed. Yanfu 8 does not need to lay reflective film coloring is also very good, bagging cultivation to pick the bag 2 days to color, 4 days to full color. Shenfu 6, Fuli and Luli are also very good without bagging coloring and surface gloss. Select virus-free seedlings to put an end to virus diseases.

3.2 optimize ground management and strengthen tree potential

3.2.1 improving soil acid regulation and calcium supplement at present, the orchard soil is generally sour, the root system is underdeveloped, and the absorptive capacity is greatly reduced. Soil conditioners such as "Baume degree" were applied twice before germination and from the end of July to the beginning of August to regulate acid and supplement calcium. Grow grass between rows, fertilize the soil and improve the soil.

3.2.2 rational fertilizer and water application in autumn should be characterized by organic, long-term and pluralistic, high-quality and pollution-free organic fertilizer, plus bacterial fertilizer and medium-trace element fertilizer to improve soil fertility, strong tree potential and improve tree resistance.

During the growing period, according to the law of fertilizer demand of fruit trees, reasonable topdressing, timely and appropriate use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium inorganic fertilizer, reduce the use of large chemical fertilizer, and increase the application of calcium fertilizer, silicon fertilizer, high-quality amino acids, humic acid, alginic acid and many kinds of enzyme water-soluble fertilizer. According to the law of water demand of fruit trees and soil moisture balanced water supply, do not use contaminated water, except frozen water, do not irrigate large water, advocate frequent watering of small water to prevent the loss of calcium and other fertilizers in the soil.

After flowering (the first peak of calcium demand of fruit trees), calcium fertilizer "super calcium and boron" was applied on the ground, and "chelate calcium" was applied on the ground one month before the bag was removed (the second peak of calcium demand). Add calcium, boron, zinc, magnesium and other medium and trace element fertilizer when spraying from anthesis to bagging. Spray the high quality calcium fertilizer "oligosaccharide calcium" twice and once after bagging and removing the bag, respectively.

3.3 rational use of drugs

It is necessary to do a good job of dry branch medicine, reduce the base of overwintering diseases and insects, and prevent bacteria from infecting to form red and black spots and rotten fruit. "Otianjia" is added to dried branches and anthesis to prevent low temperature freezing injury and freezing. Spray the fallen flowers before bagging to prevent insects. Spraying requires evenness, penetration, little stimulation, avoid too much pressure, too high concentration, too much dosage, the use of amino acid foliar fertilizers that stimulate the fruit surface, as well as azoles, thiamides, EC drugs and penetrants, preventive drugs and fertilizer. The use of high toxic and high residual pesticides in orchards is prohibited, mainly by biological control, physical control and agricultural control, supplemented by chemical pesticides with low toxicity and low residues.

3.4 Scientific flower and fruit management, tree pruning

It is necessary to do a good job of pollination at flowering stage to ensure that the fruit develops normally and does not produce skewed and abnormal fruits. According to the strength of the tree, appropriate amount of fruit, reasonable load, to avoid leaving too much fruit caused by the fruit is too small. When old and weak trees are cut in winter, they should be rejuvenated properly to ensure that young strong branches bear big fruit and good fruit. When bagging, you should choose high-quality fruit bags and operate them carefully to prevent water clogging. [Jishan Huayao]

3.5 timely harvest

In recent years, affected by the market and other factors, most of the fruits are harvested too early, the internal quality and appearance quality of the fruits are greatly reduced, and the color, aroma and taste are poor. According to the market demand and use, the harvest of fruits stored in CA storage can be postponed to October 20, fruits stored in cold air storage can be postponed to the end of October, and fruits directly sold in the market can be postponed to mid-November before defoliation. Through the experiment, every 10 days after the first ten days of October, the content of soluble solids (mass fraction) can be increased by 1%, and the sugar content and color have been greatly improved.