Standardized cultivation techniques of Hutai No. 8 grape

Standardized cultivation techniques of Hutai No. 8 grape

Hutai No. 8 is a dual-purpose variety of fresh food and processing from Europe and America. It is suitable for planting in areas with annual effective accumulated temperature of 3800 ℃ and frost-free period of more than 180 days, and is resistant to downy mildew, gray mold and anthracnose. Resistant to high temperature, the new shoots can still grow when the daily maximum temperature is 38 ℃; the root system is well developed, the branches are stout, the leaves are large, nearly round, 5-parted, and the leaves are covered with sparse hairs on the back; bisexual flowers sprout in early April, the first round of flowers bloom in early May, the first round of fruit ripens in the middle of July, the second round of flowering is in early June, and the fruit is mature in mid-September. Infructescence conical, 30 cm long and 18 cm wide, panicle mass 600-1000 g, yield 2000 kg per mu; average grain weight 10.4 g, maximum single-grain weight 18 g, sugar content more than 21% (mass fraction); fruit 29 mm long, 28 mm wide, pericarp thick, apex purplish black, base purplish red, flesh crisp, sweet and delicious, no flesh capsule, pericarp and pulp are easy to separate, 1 seed per fruit (figure 1).

Fig. 1 ear No. 8 of Hutai (dense fruit, purplish red or purplish black)

Hutai No. 8 grape has wide adaptability. It can be planted in areas with sufficient light, annual average temperature of more than 12 ℃, annual average rainfall of less than 1000 mm, daily average temperature of more than 20 ℃ during the growing period (4 ℃ October), and large daily temperature range in the mature period. Lax soil requirements, suitable for all kinds of soil with a pH value of 6.5 to 7.5, but the soil with thin layer and heavy texture should be improved by applying organic fertilizer. It is appropriate to choose a place with convenient irrigation and drainage, flat terrain and far from air, soil and groundwater pollution to build a garden.

1 planting

The planting time is in the first and middle of October or March. Before planting, the fields should be leveled, the soil should be ploughed thoroughly, and the organic fertilizer should be applied by digging holes or opening ditches (when the old vineyard is renewed, the soil must be disinfected and the previous crop diseases and insect pests must be eradicated). The 1-and 2-year-old strong seedlings with no disease and insect pests, developed root system, root neck greater than 1.0 cm and 2-year-old 3 full buds were selected, and the roots were properly trimmed and disinfected. Dig a planting hole 60-80 cm square, and the surface soil and the bottom soil are open. 0.25 kg multi-component compound fertilizer is applied in each hole during backfilling, which is fully mixed with the topsoil, and then fill the subsoil. The planting depth should be level with the ground after the root neck is irrigated. The root system should be stretched and should not be in direct contact with fertilizer. Pour enough water in time after planting, and seal the nest with fine soil after underwater infiltration.

2 tree management

2.1 determine the tree shape

High dry V-shaped or T-shaped.

The main results are as follows: (1) High dry V-shaped: the dry height is 1.2 to 1.6 meters, two horizontal main vines are cultivated in the opposite direction, and the fruiting mother branches are cultured alternately along both sides of the main vine, and the distance between the same side is 20 to 30 centimeters.

(2) T shape: the dry height is 1.7 meters, and two fruiting mother vines are cultivated along the left and right side of the tree. The height of the fruiting mother vine is 1.9 meters. The fruiting mother branches are intercultured on both sides of the fruiting mother vine, and the distance between the same side fruiting mother branches is 150.20 cm (figure 2).

Fig. 2 T-shaped tree

2.2 cultivate tree shape

After the seedlings grow new shoots, the bamboo pole should be inserted in time, and a strong main branch should be tied along the pole. When it grows to 50 centimeters under the shed, it will be coring, and the auxiliary shoots growing on it will be repeatedly coring. When pruning in winter, the length of the remaining branches should be determined according to the growth condition. If the trunk diameter at 50 centimeters above the ground is less than 1 centimeter, the cultivation should be continued in the following years.

3 pruning

3.1 pruning

(1) pruning time: from mid-December to early February of the following year.

(2) pruning methods: single or double buds were pruned in T-shaped fruiting mother branches, and 3-4 buds were pruned in V-shaped high stem. In order to prevent the scissors from being dried by the wind and affect the germination of the buds, the resulting part is moved outward, and the scissors should not be too close to the reserved buds, so the superior buds should be broken and pruned. As the tree grows older, the fruit branch is often missing, and if the upper branch is missing, the lower branch can be lightly cut to make up for it.

3.2 treatment of burns

When T-shaped tree branches were cultured, the main vines were pruned with super-long shoots, which would lead to poor sprouting at the base and prosperous growth of the apex branches if no scratching treatment was used. The wound was carried out at the end of February and the beginning of March, and the wound reached the cambium 2-3 mm in front of the site of the bud.

3.3 the method of erection

The grape frame should be firm, smooth and durable. It is very important to master the correct installation program. Leveling and laying-out: determine the direction of the frame according to the planting direction. Digging: the depth of the side column pit is generally 50 cm, make appropriate adjustments according to the terrain, plant 4-corner columns first, then pull a tape measure or rope to determine the position of the side columns around, and pay attention to keep the upper end of the side columns horizontal when planting. Fixed anchor stone: the anchor pit should be perpendicular to the side column, 80cm away from the side column, neither too far nor too close. The anchor line must be absolutely perpendicular to the side post. Fixed side column: the anchor is connected with the side column and should be uniformly tilted outward by 50 °~ 60 °. Drawing line: the diameter line plays the role of girder, it must be pulled first, the tightness should be the same, and when the distance is long, it should be supported by post in the middle. Pull weft line: mainly fix the main vine and fruit branch, first pull the weft line of the middle fixed main vine, both ends are fixed on the side column, the other two weft lines and so on around the multi-strand thick edge line is pulled up and then tied, both ends are fixed on the sideline. Brace the middle column: the position of the middle column is at the intersection of each diameter and weft, the middle column does not need to be buried, the bottom of the middle column can be covered with a red brick, and the upper part is fastened with wire and diameter and weft. Tension wire: fixed with wire and each rod of the corner column and the side column. The wire used for erection shall be iron wire for binding and anchoring, and steel strands for the rest.

4 vine management

4.1 Bud

After the grapes germinate, leave a healthy, well-positioned full bud and erase the other buds. It is usually carried out 10-15 days after budding. For the first time, mainly remove obviously useless buds, such as the basal buds of the main stem and the accessory buds on both sides of the buds. The second time is carried out 10 days after the first completion, mainly to remove the residual useless buds, improperly positioned buds, and try to retain valuable weak buds.

4.2 fixed branches

It is generally carried out when the new flower spike appears and can distinguish the size of the flower spike. The branches should be fixed according to the distribution of the shelf surface. The T-shaped frame is generally pruned with 1-2 buds, and the high V-shaped frame is pruned with 3-4 buds. Only one branch is left in a fruiting mother branch, and the distance between the two fruiting branches is 15-20 cm. If there is a vacancy in the adjacent fruiting branch, two branches can be considered.

4.3 lead and bind

After the perennial main vine is arranged at the beginning of spring, a sturdy rope is used every 30 to 40 centimeters to fix the main vine with the weft in the middle. When the new shoot is 40 to 50 centimeters long, it is necessary to tie it in time to prevent the tender shoot from being broken by the strong wind. There are many forms of binding, vertical binding of young trees to promote growth, and horizontal binding of new shoots of fruit trees to make new shoots grow healthily. When leading and binding, first cut the binding material into a short rope of a certain length, use a "pig's hoof buckle" to fix the rope on the wire, can not slide, and then cross into a "8" shape to tie the branches loosely and moderately to prevent abrasion between the branches and the wire.

4.4 pick the heart

In the initial flowering stage, by picking the heart of the main shoot, the growth of the new shoot is terminated, the nutrition is fully supplied to the flower ear, and the fruit setting rate is increased. The coring position is generally located at the 3-inch size of the normal leaf, and there are 4-6 functional leaves above the fruit-bearing position. After fruit setting, the elongated shoot of the fruiting branch is no longer coring, which can lead to the downward vertical growth of the elongated shoot. It can improve the ventilation and light transmission condition of the shelf surface and reduce the workload of management. If the primary fruit setting is too poor, the heart of the main shoot can be re-picked in late May to promote the secondary fruit germination of winter buds. After the coring of the main shoot of the young tree, 2 or 3 leaves can be left on the secondary shoot to increase the nutritional area. The fruit branches of the fruit trees have been hung, and the secondary shoots below the ear are all removed, leaving 2-3 leaves above the ear to pick the heart repeatedly. After the beginning of the coloring period, if the shelf surface is too closed, part of the secondary ends can be cut off at intervals to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the shelf surface and promote fruit ripening.

5 soil management

5.1 partial deep ploughing

During the application of base fertilizer in autumn, the deep ploughing is carried out with a depth of 40 cm. The area of deep ploughing accounts for 15% of the total area of the garden every year, and then rotates deep ploughing year by year until it is turned over again, and then repeated.

5.2 ground coverage

By covering plastic film or straw to promote root growth, prevent soil water evaporation, reduce soil consolidation and adjust the range of soil temperature changes, but also conducive to the activities of microorganisms, promote the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient absorption.

5.3 recommendation

The recommendation can improve the microclimate in the garden, improve soil fertility, improve soil aggregate structure and save labor. Natural grass: only weeds with a height of more than 20 cm are pulled out during management, and the rest of the weeds are allowed to grow naturally. Manual recommendation: after weeds are cleared in April in spring or October in autumn, special grasses such as clover can be planted by strip sowing or sowing. Remove weeds in time until the dominance of sowing grass can inhibit the growth of weeds.

5.4 No-tillage method

Used in vineyards with deep and fertile soil. Use herbicides such as glyphosate to control weeds. Chemical herbicides should not be used more than twice a year in orchards, and the effect is best when there is no wind, sunny days or dry dew.

6 fertilization management

6.1 applying base fertilizer in autumn

In October and December, organic fertilizer mixed with appropriate amount of multi-component compound fertilizer was mainly used, the amount of organic fertilizer per mu was 3 000 ~ 4 000 kg, the young garden was applied in trench, and the mature garden could be applied around the tree plate. Basal fertilizer is beneficial to plant recovery and high yield in the coming year.

6.2 topdressing

According to the situation can be carried out many times, the demand for nutrients before flowering mainly comes from the nutrients stored in the tree last year, do not apply too much nitrogen fertilizer at this time. Nitrogen fertilizer can cause plant growth and have an effect on fruit setting. The correct topdressing time should be after the grape blossoms, when nutrients are most needed in the whole life cycle, applying 30kg superphosphate or ternary compound fertilizer per mu. The livestock and poultry biogas comprehensive ecological park can apply 2 000 ~ 3 000 kg biogas fertilizer per mu during the fruit expansion period, which can promote the fruit expansion and increase the tree nutrient storage. During the grape coloring period, in order to improve the fruit quality, potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be applied at a rate of 15kg to 20kg per mu.

6.3 foliar fertilizer

Foliar fertilizer consists of 0.2%-0.3% urea, 1%-0.3% calcium superphosphate, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.1% borax, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate and magnesium sulfate. Foliar calcium fertilizer supplement is carried out before bagging. Leaf fertilizer spraying should not be increased at will or mixed with a variety of pesticides, so as not to reduce or cause drug damage.

7 Irrigation management

Appropriate irrigation before flowering, during this period, the northern climate is generally dry, less rain, according to meteorological conditions, watering 1 or 2 times, the amount of water should be less and evenly, otherwise it is disadvantageous to fruit setting. Control moisture at flowering stage: control moisture for 10 to 15 days from the initial flowering stage to the last flowering stage. Flowering irrigation will cause branches and leaves to grow too fast, exuberant vegetative growth, consume a lot of nutrients, and is not conducive to fruit setting. Fruit expansion period: timely watering, from physiological fruit drop to fruit coloring is the fastest fruit growth period, high external temperature, large leaf evaporation, generally irrigated every 10 to 15 days. Water control during fruit ripening: irrigation is controlled during fruit ripening, but if there is drought, it is necessary to irrigate properly. If the soil and air humidity is too high, diseases are easy to occur. Controlling watering is beneficial to the accumulation of sugar and reduce the occurrence of diseases. The fruit should be watered while applying base fertilizer after harvest, and once frozen water (thoroughly) before overwintering. Conditional orchards can be irrigated with micro-and drip irrigation techniques [Jishan Huayao].

8 Control of diseases and insect pests

Before overwintering, cut off the branches of diseases and insects, scrape off the old warped skin of the branches, clean up the weeds and fallen leaves in the garden, and concentrate on burying or burning them. Combined with pruning, properly raise the position of the first ear. During the germination period, carefully and evenly spray 3-5 Bomedo stone-sulfur mixture, eluting spray. From germination to leaf expansion, spray 10% (mass fraction, later) Cisco water dispersible granules 2 500 × 3 000 times or 25% Ye Liang 8 000 × 10 000 times or 40% Guixing 6000 times + Lvliang water emulsion 2000 times. Control black pox, anthrax, white rot, green bug bug, beetle.

Spray 100 times of copper sulfate solution between rows to depress the pathogen of surface downy mildew and white rot. Spray Xinxi 800 × 1 000 times or Shuangyin 600 times + 10% Baokang wettable powder 1 500 times or 30% Baotusheng 1 500 times + green bright water emulsion 2 000 times during flowering to control rachis brown blight, black pox, downy mildew (figure 3), green bug bug and beetle. Spray 25% prochloraz 1 200 times + 10% Cisco water dispersible granules 2 500 times or 25% Ye Liang 8 000 times + Xinxi 800 times or Frost Yin 600 times + Green Water Emulsion 2000 times. Control ear shaft blight, black pox, downy mildew, green bug bug, beetle. During the young fruit expansion period, 40% Guixing 6000 times or 10% Cisco water dispersible granules 2500 times + Xinxi 800 times 1000 times or Shuangyin 600 times, Bordeaux 800 times, Ailing 3000 times + Kit Kat 2000 times, control anthracnose, white rot, downy mildew, green bug bug, beetle, leafhopper, Kang's pink scale, mites. Spraying 2 500 times of 10% Cisco water dispersible granules + 1 200 times of 25% prochloraz + 2 000 times of Kit Kat + 2 000 times of Lvliang water emulsion during heading closure to control anthracnose, white rot, green bug bugs, beetles, leafhoppers, pink scale and mites. During fruit coloring, spray 40% Guixing 6000 times or 10% Cisco water dispersible granules 2500 times + 25% prochloraz 1,200 times + Xinxi 800cm 1000 times or Shuangyin 600 times or Bordeaux 800 times + Ailing 3000 times + Kit Kat 2000 times. Control white rot, downy mildew, anthrax, green bug bug, beetle, leafhopper, Kang's pink scale, mites. The ear with white rot should be cut off in time to prevent re-infection caused by precipitation. At this time, spraying 40% Guixing 6000 times liquid is better. Spray 10% Cisco water dispersible granule 2500 times or 40% Guixing 6000 times + Xinxi 800 times or Frost Yin 600 times and Lvliang water emulsion 2000 times during fruit harvest to control white rot, downy mildew, anthrax, green bug bugs, beetles, leafhoppers, pink scale and mites. In case of high temperature during fruit ripening, spraying 40% Guixing 6000 times and 10% Cisco water dispersible granules 2500 times can effectively reduce the incidence of anthracnose and white rot. Spray 800 times Bordeaux solution + 800 times Xinxi liquid or 600 times Frost Yin liquid to prevent white rot, downy mildew and anthracnose.