Standardized artificial cultivation techniques of moxa grass

Standardized artificial cultivation techniques of moxa grass

Artemisia argyi is a perennial herb of the genus Artemisia in Compositae, alias Bingtai ("Erya"), Artemisia argyi, yellow grass ("Mianya"), medicinal herbs ("Bielu"), moxibustion grass and so on. It has a long history of homologous application of medicine and food in China. Artemisia argyi is mainly distributed in eastern Asia, such as most parts of China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, Mongolia and so on. Modern studies have shown that Artemisia argyi contains many kinds of active components, such as polysaccharides [3], flavonoids [4-6], terpenes [7-10], phenylpropanoids [11], steroids [12], fatty acids [13] and so on. it has biological activities such as treating ulcer [6], activating blood circulation [14], antioxidant [11prime15], anti-inflammatory [16], antibacterial [17], anticancer and immunomodulatory [18]. According to the records of ancient books and traditional Chinese medicine, the whole herb of Artemisia argyi has the functions of warming menstruation, removing dampness, dispelling cold, stopping bleeding, anti-inflammation, relieving asthma, relieving cough and so on, and because of its long application history, it is acceptable and relatively safe. In recent years, the demand for Artemisia argyi has increased sharply.

The producing area of Artemisia argyi is widely distributed, which can grow in wasteland, roadside, riverside and hillside in low to middle altitude areas, as well as in forest steppe and steppe areas. it is the dominant species of plant community in some areas. It is also cultivated in Mongolia, Korea, the Soviet Union (far East) and Japan. Moxa grass is easy to reproduce and grow, has strong adaptability to climate and soil, is resistant to cold and drought, likes warm and humid climate, and grows better in moist and fertile soil. Artificial cultivation in hilly, low and middle mountain areas, the growth period is 2430 ℃, when the temperature is higher than 30 ℃, the stem is easy to aging, branching, diseases and insect pests are aggravated; when the low temperature in winter is less than-3 ℃, the root growth is not good.

At present, the use of Artemisia argyi is not only limited to medicine, but also has more and more uses in food, building materials, home textile, daily chemical and other aspects. Wild Artemisia argyi can no longer meet the growing demand. Artificial cultivation of Artemisia argyi is developing rapidly and has occupied most of the market. The rapid development of artificial cultivation of Artemisia argyi also brings some problems. The active components of Artemisia argyi produced in different regions, different environments, different climates and different seasons vary greatly, and the quality of Artemisia argyi is also different. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the artificial standardized cultivation of Artemisia argyi, in order to plant according to the standard, obtain better quality moxa and meet the market demand. Nanyang, Henan Province is located in 32-33 °N, Nanyang City is located in the Central Plains, belongs to the northern subtropical humid monsoon climate, the monsoon advance and retreat and the replacement of the four seasons are more obvious. Winter is dry and cold with little rain and snow; summer is hot and rainfall is abundant; spring warms up quickly and rainfall increases gradually; autumn is cool and rainfall decreases gradually. The winter time is longer, 110-135 days, followed by summer, 110-120 days, spring and autumn are shorter, 55-70 days each. The annual average temperature in Nanyang is 15 ℃, the monthly average temperature in July is 27 ℃ in the hottest month, and the average temperature in January is about 1 ℃. The annual rainfall is 800 mm, and the annual frost-free period is 220-245 days. The ancients used the poem "Rain flowers bloom early before spring, leaves fall late without frost after autumn" to describe the good climatic conditions in Nanyang. The climatic conditions in Nanyang, Henan Province are suitable, which is very favorable for the growth of Wanai, and is suitable for artificial cultivation. In recent years, the planting area has gradually expanded, Wan Ai planting area has exceeded 4 666.67 hm2, the formation of Wan Ai brand, standardized planting is extremely important. In this paper, referring to the relevant literature and local planting techniques, standardizing the planting process of Artemisia argyi is of great significance to the standardized planting and industrial development of Artemisia argyi.

1. Land selection and preparation

1.1 site selection

Moxa grass has strong adaptability, like sunshine, drought resistance and cold resistance, and the requirements of soil conditions are not strict [19], but the neutral soil with sufficient sunshine, deep soil layer, good soil permeability and rich organic matter is the best. Fertile, loose, well-drained sandy soil and clay soil grow well. In order to save land resources, wasteland, roadside, riverside and hillside in hilly areas should be selected for rational layout. Sloping land and flat land can also be planted in front and back of the house and in the edge of the field. However, as an edible and medicinal wormwood, in addition to obtaining higher yield, it is more important to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of Artemisia argyi. Therefore, the air around the planting plot should be clean and dust-free, and there should be no domestic sewage and industrial water pollution nearby, and the air quality should comply with the provisions of the national standard GB 3059Mel 2012.

1.2 soil preparation

After the plot is selected, deep ploughing will be carried out at a depth of more than 30 cm. Deep ploughing land can not only loosen the soil, improve the soil temperature and the ability to preserve soil moisture, but also make full use of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements accumulated under the cultivated soil; at the same time, it also plays a part of the role of weeding, so that almost all the grass seeds in the current year are buried deeply, about 50% of the weeds in the following year can be removed. The key is to bury the undecomposed non-moxa special herbicides deep in the ground to remove its effect on the growth of Artemisia argyi. When deep ploughing, the soil moisture is too large, so it should be hung properly to prevent the rake from being broken, too much clear grass and too much dead grass, which will affect the planting.

1.3 fertilization

If there is farm manure, it can be combined with ploughing and harrowing soil preparation to apply fully mature organic farm manure 30 / 45 t / hm2 at one time, or sprinkle a layer of rotten rare human and animal manure as base fertilizer. If there is no farm manure, the special organic fertilizer of granular moxa grass can be selected and spread evenly about 750kg/hm2 after deep ploughing and before raking. The content index of effective elements used as moxa organic fertilizer: the content of organic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than 20%, the content of amino acids is more than 20%, the content of organic matter is more than 20%, the content of humic acid is more than 5%, the content of sulfur is more than 10%, and does not contain harmful substances such as heavy metals.

1.4 rectify the bed (compartment)

After the soil has been raked to pieces, begin to straighten up the bed (box). The width of the border (box) is about 5 m (depending on the situation of the land), which is convenient for manual weeding and mechanical operation. A shallow ditch is opened between every 2 beds (compartments), with a depth of about 20 cm and a width of about 30 cm, which is convenient for waterlogging prevention and drainage. Each bed (box) is high in the middle and low on both sides (tortoise back), and the difference between height and height is no more than 1.5 cm, which is easy to arrange. Drainage ditches should be opened around the plot, with a depth of about 50 cm and a width of more than 60 cm, so as to facilitate irrigation during drought and drainage during waterlogging. After soil preparation, the special herbicide for moxa grass was sprayed once (decomposed in the presence of water), and the weeds were closed and killed, and the seedlings could be planted after 10 days and 15 days.

Two kinds of seedling propagation

2.1 seed propagation

The seed propagation should be sowed in early spring, and the direct seeding or seedling transplanting can be carried out in April. The row spacing of direct seeding is 40-50 cm. After sowing, the soil cover should not be too thick, and 0.5 cm or Gaiyan seed is suitable. When the seedling height is 10-15 cm, the seedling is fixed according to the plant distance of 20-30 cm [20].

2.2 ramet propagation

Artemisia argyi has strong tillering ability. Generally, a plant of moxa can tiller into several to dozens of plants a year, which can be used as a material for ramet propagation. Therefore, most of the production adopts the way of split propagation, which is also the main way of artificial cultivation at present. In April every year, when the height of seedlings grown from rhizomes is 15 ~ 20 cm, when the soil is moist, preferably after rain or watering, the whole plant of Artemisia argyi is dug and planted according to the row spacing of 45 cm × 30 cm. If there is no precipitation 2 ~ 3 days after cultivation, drip water to preserve soil moisture.

3 planting

The row spacing of common planting was 45 cm × 30 cm (75 000 plants / hm2), the row spacing of dense planting was 45 cm × 15 cm (150 000 plants / hm2), and the reasonable spacing of dense planting rows was 45 cm × 20 cm (105 000 plants / hm2). 1 plant per hole. The planting depth is about 5-8 cm on the sticky yellow land or black land, and the suitable planting depth is 8-10 cm on sandy land or sesame bone stone land.

Moxa grass can also be planted semi-mechanized. One driver drives a tractor with a plow to open a ditch, one lays out seedlings, and one sprinkles moxa special organic fertilizer (if there is a base fertilizer, there is no need to spread fertilizer). The first plough places the moxa seedlings, paying attention to the interval and depth of the furrow, and the interval and depth of the seedlings; the second plough spreads the special organic fertilizer for moxa grass, and the ditch depth is 15 to 20 cm, so that the soil dug out by the third plough is carried out according to the standard of the first plough, and the soil turned out by the third plough is just enough to hold the organic fertilizer of the second plough, and so on, until the planting is completed. After the end, you should check for root exposure, and if so, seal it with soil in time.

4 field management

4.1 ploughing and weeding

After the beginning of spring, when the average temperature of the day reaches 9: 10 ℃, when the root bud just sprouts and does not come out of the ground (timely poke the surface for observation), maintain a certain amount of moisture, and use a sprayer to fully cover and spray a special herbicide for moxa grass. Do not have any blank omissions. After the moxa seedlings grow, if there are still weeds, the weeds should be ploughed and weeded once in late March and early April respectively, and the depth should not be more than 10 cm. The weeds in the roots of Artemisia argyi should be pulled out manually. After the first harvest, the small spray sprayer was used to kill the weeds in the gap of moxa grass to prevent them from splashing to the root of moxa grass after the first harvest, and artificial weeding was carried out if there were still a small amount of weeds after the germination of moxa buds in the second crop. Herbicides should be used under the guidance of technicians, and it is strictly forbidden to choose herbicides without technical guidance. When applying dicotyledon or Compositae herbicides to other crops adjacent to the plot, it is strictly forbidden to spatter on moxa grass. After each harvest, there are still weeds on the ground, especially those with grass seeds, which should be collected in time and piled up and burned on the ground, and grass seeds are strictly prohibited from falling into the field.

4.2 topdressing

At the seedling stage of each crop, when the seedling height is about 30 cm, choose to spread the special seedling fertilizer of Artemisia argyi on rainy days for 60-90 kg/hm2, and if it is sunny, use water-soluble fertilizer (concentration less than 0.5%) or foliar spraying; in case of humid weather, topdressing can also be carried out with ploughing and loosening soil, first sprinkling moxa special fertilizer, and then loosening the soil, loosening the soil depth of 10 cm. Chemical fertilizer is only suitable for the first crop of planting in the first year, and chemical fertilizer should not be used in subsequent growth periods [Jishan Huayao] (that is, second and third seasons, etc.), otherwise it will affect the accumulation of effective components and reduce the quality of moxa grass.

4.3 Irrigation

Moxa grass has strong adaptability, and the border (box) surface has been shaped into the back of a tortoise before planting, and there are corresponding drainage ditches, so as to do a good job of clearing ditches and drainage on rainy days and after rain to prevent waterlogging damage caused by stagnant water. In the dry season, foliar sprinkler irrigation was used when the seedling height was less than 80 cm, and the whole garden was irrigated when the seedling height was more than 80 cm.

5 harvesting

The harvest time of the first stubble of Artemisia argyi leaves is in early June, and the stems and branches with leaves on the ground are harvested in time on a sunny day, and the stems and leaves are separated and dried in the sun, or dried at low temperature, packaged and stored. In the middle and first ten days of July, the second crop was harvested in fine weather, the third crop was collected before and after frost, and the field winter management was carried out [21].