The present situation, problems and Sustainable Development measures of Grape Industry in Shandong Province

The present situation, problems and Sustainable Development measures of Grape Industry in Shandong Province

Fund projects: Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Youth Scientific Research Fund (2016YQN36); National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology system Special support Project (CARS-29-15); Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project (CXGC2016D01); Shandong Agricultural Major Applied Technology Innovation funding Project.

Grape has strong adaptability and is distributed in all regions of Shandong Province. by the end of 2015, the cultivated area of grape in Shandong Province ranks third in the country, with a yield of 425000 hm ~ 2 and a cultivated area of 121. 60, 000 tons, of which the cultivated area of wine grape is about 1. 940000 hm2, and the output of wine reaches 392 million L, accounting for about 33. 5% of the whole country. 8 percent, ranking first in the country.

The largest cultivated area of table grape in Shandong Province is "Jufeng", with an area of about 7300 hm2, the second main variety is "Red Globe" with an area of about 4300 hm2, and the third main cultivated variety is "Rose Xiang" with an area of about 4300 hm2. Other cultivated varieties include "Zexiang", "Jewel Seedless", "Fujiminori", "Krisun Seedless" and so on. The largest cultivated area of wine grape is "Cabernet Sauvignon", with an area of about 4600 hm2. Other cultivated varieties include "Snake Dragon Cabernet Sauvignon", "Chardonnay", "Guiren Xiang" and so on.

1 the present situation of grape industry in Shandong Province

1. 1 the area of grape cultivation has expanded steadily, and the dominant producing areas have gradually formed the pattern that the dominant area of grape and wine in Jiaodong Peninsula and the dominant area of table grape in the middle and south of Shandong Province have been formed. Among them, Yantai is the main wine grape producing area in Jiaodong Peninsula, and Qingdao is the main table grape producing area. Table grape producing areas in central and southern Shandong include Taiyi mountain areas dominated by Linyi, Zibo and Tai'an, as well as plain areas along the old route of the Yellow River, such as Jining, Jinan, Heze and so on.

1. 2 the varieties are gradually diversified and the structure is becoming more and more reasonable.

With the demand for diversified products and the adjustment of market prices, the renewal speed of grape varieties is gradually accelerated, which greatly promotes the development of grape industry. Under the condition that the fresh food varieties are still dominated by medium-maturing varieties such as "Jufeng" and "rose fragrance", the proportion of early and late maturing varieties is increasing year by year. The early-maturing varieties are mainly "Red Barado", "Summer Black" and "Frey Seedless"; the middle-maturing varieties are "Golden finger", "Giant Rose" and "Sunshine Rose"; the late-maturing varieties are "Weike", "Red Earth", "Crison Seedless", "Ruby Seedless" and so on. Through the collocation of varieties in different maturity periods, it not only increases the diversity of products, but also prolongs the market supply period of fresh fruits. Wine enterprises in Penglai City, Jiaodong Peninsula have continuously introduced about 20 characteristic wine varieties (such as "Xiaoweiduo", "Matherland", "Xiaomansen", etc.). Through trial planting and wine-making, it has initially shown good cultivation adaptability and wine-making style characteristics.

1. 3 the cultivation mode is diversified and the protected cultivation is developing rapidly.

At present, the grape cultivation mode in the whole province is not limited to open field cultivation, and the facility grape is developing rapidly. Facility grapes are mainly distributed in Yantai, Taian, Pingdu, Jining, Gaomi, Shouguang, Liaocheng and other places. Through protected cultivation, not only the cultivation area of grape was expanded, but also the supply period of grape was prolonged, the ability of preventing and reducing natural disasters was improved, and the economic benefit of grape cultivation was significantly improved.

1. 4 with the rapid development of urban leisure and sightseeing agriculture, cultural tourism projects with grape as the theme are gradually increasing.

Qingdao Daze Mountain Grape Festival, with the theme of "culture setting up the stage and economy singing opera", not only fully publicizes the Daze Mountain grape brand, but also effectively promotes the development of local tourism and economy. Rencheng District of Jining City organically combines grape culture with canal culture to establish a "ten thousand mu" grape picking sightseeing garden, which has become one of the agricultural tourism demonstration sites in Shandong Province. Cultural tourism characterized by winery, such as Changyu Wine Culture Museum, Zhangyu Custer Chateau, Junding Winery, China International Wine Street in Qingdao, has become a boutique route of Shandong tourism. it has become an important channel to understand wine culture, promote the development of wine industry and stimulate consumption.

2 the main problems in the development of grape industry in Shandong Province

2. 1 the main varieties are single, and the regional varieties are few

Up to now, the varieties of table grape in Shandong Province are still mainly "Jufeng", "Fujiminori" and "Rose fragrance". The wine varieties are mainly "Cabernet Sauvignon", "Snake Dragon Cabernet Sauvignon" and "Chardonnay", and mainly foreign varieties, and the degree of breeding and promotion of its own varieties is not high. The grape variety is too single, the sales pressure is big, the price advantage is not obvious. In recent years, although different regions and scientific research institutions are gradually introducing some new varieties, the overall speed of variety renewal is still slow, the supporting cultivation and management techniques are not perfect, and the effect of demonstration and promotion is not obvious. Due to the lack of scientific guidance, fruit farmers have a certain degree of blindness in variety selection, which often leads to disorderly development, resulting in too single variety and unreasonable variety structure, and failure due to blind development.

2. The degree of refinement of cultivation and management is not enough, and the degree of commercialization of fruits is not high.

The degree of organization of the grape industry is low, especially the cultivation of table grapes is still dominated by a single household, and the grape planting area is small and scattered. And limited by the knowledge level and cognitive ability of growers, the grape industry has a low level of technology, uneven product quality, low degree of mechanization and intensification, and high labor costs.

Lack of standardized frame type and leaf screen shape, frame type aging. At present, table grapes are mainly fan-shaped with multi-main vines, with upright leaf curtain shape, disorderly shaping and pruning, large water and fertilizer management, one-sided pursuit of yield, lack of accurate water and fertilizer management technology, flood irrigation and excessive fertilizer, resulting in high yield and low quality; lack of comprehensive pest prevention and control technology, emphasis on treatment, light prevention, resulting in a great increase in the frequency and dosage of pesticide application. Lack of stress-resistant cultivation technology, weak ability to deal with sudden disasters; in order to pursue large fruit, good color and random use of plant growth regulators and a series of problems.

2. 3 the production cost is increasing, and the benefit is decreasing year by year

The mechanization level of grape planting is low, the labor cost is increasing, coupled with the rising prices of agricultural materials such as pesticides, chemical fertilizers, fruit bags, and the influence of adverse factors such as frequent ecological disasters, the cost of grape planting is increasing year by year. Grape purchase prices are generally low in recent years, especially wine grapes, grape planting benefits have declined significantly. Compared with other fruit trees, growers feel that they are time-consuming and time-consuming, their income is low, and their enthusiasm for development is low, and some places begin to cut down trees and plant other cash crops.

2. 4 the production of seedlings is not standard and the breeding system is not perfect

The production and management of grape seedlings are lack of strong supervision, plant quarantine is non-existent, and the quality of seedlings is uneven, especially the production of pure virus-free seedlings is far from meeting the needs of production and development; there is no special ear-picking nursery for seedling breeding, and the seeds are cut from the cultivation garden, resulting in the wide spread of virus diseases and insect pests, which is difficult to prevent. Most of them use self-rooted seedlings to build gardens with shallow roots and poor resistance, so it is difficult to resist more and more severe biotic and abiotic stresses; the construction of grape seedling breeding system lags behind and the order of seedling production and sales is chaotic.

2. 5 insufficient investment in industrial basic research can not meet the needs of industrial development

At present, the systematic research on grape variety planting regionalization has not been carried out in the whole province, and the grape planting in the province can not be located, and can not provide scientific and reasonable decision-making basis for the majority of grape planting enterprises or individuals. Lack of investment in science and technology, lack of grape professional and technical personnel, with the development of the industry and the expansion of scale, excellent varieties, cultivation techniques and technical personnel level, can not meet the needs of industrial development.

3 Exploration on the way of transforming the new kinetic energy into the old kinetic energy of grape industry in Shandong Province.

Shandong Province is the dominant producing area of grape cultivation in China, with a long history of cultivation. How to maintain the dominant position of grape cultivation in the period of conversion between new and old kinetic energy, it is necessary to speed up the supply-side structural reform on the basis of combining the characteristics of grape cultivation in Shandong Province, so as to realize the healthy, rapid and sustainable development of grape industry.

3. 1 increase investment in science and technology to provide scientific and technological support and intellectual support for the transformation and upgrading of the grape industry

3. 1. 1 improve the level of conservation and utilization of germplasm resources and speed up the breeding of self-owned varieties

In view of the lack of grape germplasm resources and abundant grape breeding materials suitable for local climatic conditions in Shandong Province, the work of grape breeding lags behind. Introduce excellent grape varieties, wild species and breeding materials at home and abroad, especially native self-bred varieties and resistant varieties and rootstocks, and establish grape germplasm resources nursery. By means of modern biotechnology, the genetic diversity of germplasm resources was studied, the seed selection technical system of resistant nutrition lines was established, and by means of nutrient line selection, cross breeding, bud mutation and so on, new grape varieties (strains) with excellent quality, strong resistance and good flavor suitable for local characteristics were selected.

3. 1. 2 increase investment in science and technology, establish industry-university-research alliance, and strive to solve the problem

Solve the key common technical problems restricting the development of grape industry, carry out the research on the breeding system and technology of high-quality virus-free seedlings, increase the propagation ability of virus-free seedlings, strengthen the research and utilization of rootstock varieties, and make use of the strong resistance of rootstock varieties to improve the stress resistance of cultivated varieties, especially some rootstocks with cold resistance, saline-alkali resistance and grape nodule aphid resistance. To study the technology of soil management and efficient utilization of fertilizer in vineyard, to carry out soil improvement and accurate fertilization in vineyard, to demonstrate the technology of integrated prevention and control of grape diseases and insect pests by integrating physical and biological control techniques, to carry out the study of simplified pruning techniques suitable for grape frame type, frame shape selection and matching in buried cold protection area, and to determine the technical scheme of high light efficiency and labor-saving tree shape, leaf curtain shape, flower and fruit management in buried cold protection area. Carry out the study on the typical flavor characteristics of grape and wine; explore the metabolic pathway of grape fermentation substrate, optimize the quality control technology, develop new products, screen the local aroma-producing yeast with excellent wine-making characteristics; study the quality change law of grape during cold storage and construct the fresh-keeping technology system. Focus on all aspects of grape and wine production, innovate the way of organization, establish an industrial innovation and training alliance with the combination of production, learning and research, integrate the existing resource platform, give necessary financial support, and continuously carry out innovation and training activities.

3. 2 strengthen government supervision and guidance to promote the sustained and healthy development of grape industry

3. 2. 1 optimize variety structure and improve fruit quality

Government departments at all levels should strengthen guidance and adjust the industrial layout so that the industrial layout tends to be more efficient grape cultivation areas; to optimize the variety structure and fresh varieties, we should increase the introduction of some early and late ripening varieties, and further prolong the market supply period of fresh fruit through the collocation of varieties in different ripening periods. At present, the precocious varieties with better performance are "Princess Rose", "Red double Flavor", "Red Barado", "Zaoxia Rose", "Summer Black" and "Simlote", and the late-maturing varieties are "Weike", "Christmas Rose", "Moldova", "Ruby Seedless" and so on. Brewing varieties need to introduce and expand new varieties with different characteristics, such as "Xiao Wei er duo", "Matherland" and "Xiao Mansen", which can produce different types of wine, and increase the types of products.

Guifei rose

Christmas rose grape

Sunshine rose grape

3. 2. 2 rectify the seedling market and establish a high-quality seedling breeding system

It is necessary to vigorously rectify the seedling market. in view of the chaotic phenomenon of the seedling market, we should introduce corresponding policies and measures as soon as possible, formulate industry standards for seedling production, standardize seedling production, improve the seedling market environment, support a number of qualified seedling enterprises, carry out standardized seedling breeding and promotion, provide enough high-quality seedlings for the industry, and severely crack down on the sale of fake seedlings and secondary seedlings. Establish seedling production and sales files and establish traceability mechanism. Establish a provincial breeding center for improved grape seedlings and rootstocks, introduce virus-free rootstocks and varieties, establish a panicle nursery for virus-free seedlings, and establish a grape virus detection center. strengthen the research and development of virus-free seedlings and the breeding and propagation of resistant rootstocks.

3. 2. 3 improve the macro-management and supervision system to create a good macro-environment for the wine industry

The competent government departments and trade associations should formulate grape production, product quality and product export quality standards in line with China's national conditions and international standards as soon as possible, and strengthen supervision, inspection and management according to law. There are rules to follow in a series of grape production processes, such as seedling production, regional planting, yield control, pesticide use, product quality, commodity packaging and so on, so that China's grape production can be truly standardized and standardized.

3. 3 improve the mode of cultivation management and improve the level of planting management

3. 3. 1 improve the mode of cultivation management, standardize the establishment of garden, and save labor.

Change the original cultivation management model, promote high-quality, safe and efficient standardized production technology system, promote standardized cultivation techniques suitable for different regions and strong maneuverability. While strengthening the breeding and promotion of new varieties, it is necessary to strengthen the research and development of supporting technologies to realize the organic combination of improved varieties and methods. In the buried cold protection area, the original multi-main vine fan-shaped frame is transformed into an inclined single-dry single-arm frame which is easy to be buried and labor-saving, so as to improve the fruit position and enhance the air permeability and light transmittance of the tree. Increase the plant row spacing, generally the plant spacing is 1.0 ~ 1.5 m, and the row spacing is 2.0 ~ 2.5 m. Mechanized operation is carried out in the conditional areas to reduce the labor cost. In some areas where there is no need to bury the earth off the shelves and in the leisure and sightseeing park, the root domain limit "T" type or "H" type can be adopted. Generally, the plant spacing is 2.0 ~ 3.0 m and the row spacing is 5.0 ~ 6.0 m, with short shoot pruning.

3. 3. 2 vigorously develop protected cultivation, improve the level of grape planting and reduce the incidence of diseases and insect pests

In view of the problem that there are too many Rain Water and serious diseases and insect pests in grape ripening season in Shandong area, the cultivation mode of rain shelter should be developed vigorously, and the simple rain shelter with bamboo and wood structure can be adopted, which is generally covered with film at the end of May and the beginning of June, and the film is removed in the middle of October. The effect of rain shelter cultivation on reducing the incidence of diseases and insect pests is very obvious, especially on the prevention of downy mildew. It is necessary to vigorously develop protected cultivation, by promoting the early cultivation of early-maturing varieties and delaying the cultivation of late-maturing varieties, so as to prolong the supply period of grapes and improve economic benefits. At the same time, protected cultivation can effectively reduce the incidence of fungal diseases, reduce the use of pesticides, save pesticide costs, reduce environmental pollution, improve fruit quality and ensure fruit safety.

3. 3. 3 vigorously develop urban leisure agriculture and sightseeing agriculture and cultivate local brands

According to the regional cultural characteristics, actively hold a variety of grape-themed picking festivals and tourist gardens to promote the development of the grape industry and related industries; actively cultivate local brands, improve awareness, achieve brand sales, and increase the added value of products.

3. 4 improve the mode of operation and management to realize multi-party operation and all-round development

First, we should do a good job in the construction of advantageous industrial belts and advantageous producing areas, guide the gathering and development of leading enterprises, form industrial clusters and advantageous industrial belts, and give full play to the exemplary and leading role of leading enterprises such as Changyu, Cofco, and Junding. Second, closely focus on improving the supply capacity of high-quality products, constantly cultivate and strengthen new business entities, promote cooperative cooperation in various forms, and enhance the supply capacity of high-quality products. Table grapes should not only provide rich varieties, but also pay more attention to extend the industrial chain and develop a number of varieties suitable for juice making and processing; wine grapes should gradually develop different products such as sweet, semi-sweet, semi-dry and sparkling wine, pay attention to the development of high-grade and middle-grade wine, expand the proportion of high-quality and low-price table wine, and change the situation of single wine variety. The third is to actively expand the sales market. Further accelerate the pace of rural e-commerce development, e-commerce and physical sales combined to further smooth the sales channel. We will actively promote the application of big data and "Internet +" in grape and wine sales, strengthen the construction of e-commerce platform, and build a new production and management system relying on the Internet.