Effects of different planting patterns on its yield

Effects of Different Planting Patterns on Yield of Bletilla striata

Funded Project: Funded by Key Technology Research and Industrialization Demonstration Project (2016AE002) of Bletilla striata Standardization Cultivation (GAP)

Baiji, also known as Lianji grass, Gan root, Baiji, Ruo Lan, Zhu Lan, Zi Lan, Zi Hui, Bai Li and so on. Taxonomically, it belongs to Orchidaceae Baiji, which is a perennial herbaceous plant [1]. It has pseudobulbs, roots, leaves, etc. The roots are root tubers, and the flowers are purple, pink, white, blue and yellow. It is mainly distributed in China, Japan and northern Myanmar. It is mainly produced in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other provinces of China. It is widely distributed in the Yangtze River Basin and southern provinces. It tastes bitter, sweet and astringent, and its nature is mild and cool. It has the effects of tonifying lung, stopping bleeding, detumescence, generating muscle and astringing sore, etc.[2], and has high medicinal value and ornamental value. With the deepening of the research on white and efficacy in China's pharmaceutical industry, the clinical application of Bletilla striata has been continuously expanded, the demand for medicine for tuber of Bletilla striata has increased sharply [3], the demand for white and seedling has increased sharply in planting, and the cultivation has shown a large-scale trend. In order to explore the influence of different planting modes on yield of Bletilla striata, comparative experiments of three different planting modes, field, greenhouse and under-forest, were carried out in Ning 'er Town, Ning' er County, Pu 'er City. Meanwhile, good seedling cultivation [4] and cultivation techniques [5] of Bletilla striata were practiced, and the corresponding indexes of Bletilla striata were observed and recorded.

1 Basic information of planting site

From May 2013 to November 2016, Team 4 of Min 'an Village, Ning' er Town, Ning 'er County carried out field intensive planting, greenhouse planting and under-forest planting of Bletilla striata, with planting areas of 0.23hm2, 0.2hm2 and 0.2hm2 respectively. The altitude of planting site is 1 310~1 400m, the annual average rainfall is 1 414.9 mm, the annual average temperature is 18.2℃, and the annual average sunshine hours is 1 921.2 h [Jishan Huayao]. The slope direction is northeast slope, southeast slope and south slope respectively. The soil is yellow red soil and sandy soil, and the soil thickness is ≥80cm. The trees in the upper layer of the understory mainly include Pinus kesiya, Betula alnoides and Aldersia chinensis, with canopy density of 0.3~0.4.

2. Cultivation of good seedlings and control of diseases and insect pests at seedling stage of white knotweed

The variety of Bletilla striata used in the experiment was "Pu 'er No. 1 Bletilla striata superior clone". 1/3 tuber explants with buds were taken, washed, wiped clean with 75% alcohol, the buds were taken, soaked and disinfected with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 1/2 min, washed with sterile water for 5~8 times, inoculated on MS+NAA1mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+2,4-D 2 mg/L+ banana puree 10g/L medium for induction culture, subculture medium MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.1 mg/L, rooting medium 1/2MS+ NAA 0.5 mg/L+ banana puree 75g/L. When the plantlets grew to 5~8cm after rooting, they were transplanted and acclimated in greenhouse. The substrate was vermiculite ∶ pearlite = 3∶1 or sterilized peat soil (humus soil)+ proper pearlite. Take out the bottle seedlings after seedling refining, wash them thoroughly, soak them in 1 000 times carbendazim solution for 15~20min, dry the water adhered to the plants, plant them into the substrate in time, the shade degree is 60%, keep the soil moist, and the relative humidity of the air is 80%. After survival, spraying 0.1%~0.2% N, P, K high efficient water-soluble foliar fertilizer and 10% fulvic acid slow release fertilizer every week. After 4 to 6 months of cultivation, seedlings with a height of more than 15cm, tubers of more than 1.5 cm and 3 to 5 leaves can be planted. The disease is mainly root rot. In the early stage of the disease, spray 500~800 times of 77% Kexide 101 wettable powder. In severe cases, spray 600 times of agricultural streptomycin and 1 000 times of chlorothalonil. It is necessary to prevent crickets, locusts, snails, slugs and other insects from eating. To control crickets and locusts, spray dichlorvos, and to control snails and slugs, spray Mida to trap and kill.

3 Different planting patterns and technical measures

3.1 Intensive cultivation and tending management of field

3.1.1 Cultivation

[Soil preparation] Deep tillage, tillage depth 30cm, starting from a 1.2 m wide, 30cm high ridge, furrow width fine tillage after leveling the ridge surface.

[Planting density] According to the plant spacing of 20cm×25cm, 6000 plants/mu.

[Base fertilizer] Apply organic fertilizer 4~5t per mu, ordinary calcium superphosphate 200kg, and fully mix base fertilizer with soil.

[Planting] Planting from January to July, open 5cm deep planting ditch, plant seedlings when root is comfortable, cover soil 3cm, then cover pine needles, to see no soil is appropriate.

[Build Shade Shed] Shade height 2 . 0 m, shading 40%~50%.

3.1.2 Nurturing management

4 - 6 times weeding is required in the first year of planting. The first time was carried out in April after whitening and seedling emergence; the second time was carried out from mid-to late May to early June; the third time was carried out in July; the fourth time was carried out from August to September; the fifth time was carried out after whitening and dormancy combined with loose soil. Weeding should be done in the second and third year after planting.

[Topdressing] Combined with intertillage and weeding, topdressing is required three times a year. For the first time, after the seedlings were fully grown in April, foliar fertilizer with a concentration of 0.3% was sprayed per mu. For the second time, during the vigorous growth period from May to June, 30~40kg calcium superphosphate was applied per mu. For the third time, 1 000~1 500kg/mu of manure was applied during bud division of rhizomes in August and September.

[Water management] Pay attention to combing furrows in rainy season to facilitate drainage. Artificial watering is carried out in dry season from January to May, once every 7 to 10 days.

[Overwintering protection] In the planting area with high altitude and low temperature, snow often freezes in winter, which is easy to cause frostbite or freezing of roots or buds of white bletilla, so it is necessary to cover grass in time for cold protection.

3.2 Greenhouse planting and tending management

Greenhouse construction: must choose both rust prevention, and more solid (with wind, snow ability) steel pipe. The skeleton shall be hot-dip galvanized steel pipe with diameter of 28~32mm and wall thickness of 1.5 mm. Shoulder height 1.5~1.8m, top height 1.8~2.2m, span 4~ 5m, length 10~ 15m, vent height 1~1.2m, steel pipe spacing 0.6~ 1m. The shed foundation is firmly bricked. Greenhouse planting and tending management are the same as field intensive planting and tending management.

3.3 Understory planting and tending management

3.3.1 Cultivation

[Forest land clearing] Remove miscellaneous shrubs and weeds under the forest, and adjust the canopy density to 0.3~0.4.

[Soil preparation] Deep tillage, 30cm deep, remove roots, grass roots, etc. 1. 2 m wide and 30cm high; 30cm wide and 15cm deep furrows reserved; furrows refined and furrows leveled.

[Planting density] According to the plant spacing of 25cm×30cm, 4000 plants/mu.

[Base fertilizer] Apply organic fertilizer 2~3t per mu, ordinary calcium superphosphate 200kg, and fully mix base fertilizer with soil.

[Planting] Planting time is 6~8 months, and other planting methods are the same as those in the field.

3.3.2 Nurturing management

The method of understory tending management is the same as that of field tending management.

3.4 pest control

The main diseases are root rot and rust, and the main pests are cutworm and thrips. The policy of "prevention first, comprehensive control" should be carried out, based on silviculture technology, combining biological policy with drug control.

4. Plant growth and tuber yield under different planting patterns

The density of intensive planting in field and greenhouse was 6 000 plants/mu, and the density of planting under forest was 4 000 plants/mu. Plant height, ground diameter, growth and development of leaves and tubers, and yield of fresh tubers were observed. Continuous observation from July 2013 to November 2016, the observation results are shown in Table 1:

Table 1 Plant growth and tuber yield

From the change of average fresh tuber weight, no matter planted in field, greenhouse or under forest, after one and a half years, two and a half years and three and a half years of growth, its weight increased very little, that is, single tuber had grown mature in one and a half years, and in essence, the growth period of single tuber was one year; The average fresh tuber weight of field, greenhouse and under forest was 35.93 g, 36.17 g and 25.23 g respectively, which meant that the weight of single fresh tuber of greenhouse was less than 1% higher than that of field, while that of field was 42.4% higher than that of under forest.

From the change of tuber number per clump, in greenhouse, field and under forest, the number is 3.5, 3 and 3 respectively in one and a half years; in two and a half years, the number is 9, 7 and 7 respectively; in three and a half years, the number is 14, 12.5 and 12 respectively. Therefore, greenhouse planting is better than field planting, while field planting is better than undergrowth planting.

According to the planting density of the three planting patterns, the average fresh tuber yield per mu was 751.8 kg, 640.8 kg and 285.6 kg in greenhouse, field and under forest respectively in one and a half years, 1954.8 kg, 1512.0 kg and 716.8 kg in two and a half years. 3066.0,2715.0,1262.4kg respectively in three and a half years. The three planting patterns have great influence on the average yield per mu of fresh tubers. The average yield per mu of greenhouse planting is 12.92% higher than that of field planting, while the average yield per mu of field planting is 115% higher than that of forest planting.

5 White and phenology and indicators

The excellent clone of Puer No. 1 is perennial herbaceous plant, the plant growth period is from early March to middle October, and the single tuber growth period is one year. When planted at 800~1 700m above sea level, buds differentiated and grew fast, plants grew vigorously and tubers grew big, and the best harvest time was three and a half years; when planted at 1 800~2 200m above sea level, buds differentiated and grew slowly, plants grew well and tubers grew slightly smaller, and plants were harvested after 4~5 years.

Table 2 Phenology and index of "Pu 'er No. 1 Baiji superior clone"

6 Conclusions

Under three different planting modes of greenhouse, field intensive and understory planting, the average yield per mu of fresh tubers could reach 751.8 kg, 640.8 kg and 285.6 kg respectively in one and a half years, 1 954.8 kg, 1 512.0 kg and 716.8 kg respectively in two and a half years, and 3 066.0 kg, 2 715.0 kg and 1 262.4 kg respectively in three and a half years. The three planting patterns have great influence on the average yield per mu of fresh tuber of Bletilla striata. The average yield per mu of greenhouse planting is slightly higher than that of field planting, while the average yield per mu of greenhouse and field planting is much higher than that of under-forest planting. However, under the condition of scarce high-quality land resources and good market price of Bletilla striata, under-forest planting is also a good choice.

The excellent clone of Pu 'er No. 1 is perennial herbaceous perennial root plant. Its climatic characteristics are as follows: the plant growth period is from early March to middle October, and the single tuber growth period is one year. The growth of plants and tubers was affected by altitude. When planted at 800~1 700m above sea level, buds differentiated and grew quickly, plants grew vigorously and tubers grew large, and the best harvest time was three and a half years after planting. When planted at 1 800~2 200m above sea level, buds differentiated and grew slowly, plants grew well and tubers grew slightly smaller, and plants were harvested 4~5 years after planting. In recent three years, the market price of white tuber is very good, reaching 150 yuan/kg on average. In order to cope with the rapid change of the market, it can also be harvested after planting for two and a half years.