Technical specification for pollution-free cultivation of Zhoukou Mayor's yam

Technical specification for pollution-free cultivation of Zhoukou Mayor's yam

1 scope of application

This standard stipulates the production environment, cultivation techniques, pest control, harvest, storage and production archives of pollution-free long yam. This standard is suitable for the production of pollution-free long yam in Zhoukou City.

2 normative citation documents

The following documents are essential for the application of this document. The latest version of an undated reference document applies to this document. Standard for safe use of pesticides (GB 4285), guidelines for rational use of pesticides (GB/T 8321), General principles for rational use of Fertilizer (NY/T 5010), Organic Fertilizer (NY 5010), Environmental conditions for producing areas of pollution-free Agricultural products and vegetables (NY 5010).

3 terms and definitions

The following terms and definitions are applicable to this document.

3.1 Zero son

The aerial tubers in the axils of the stems and leaves of Chinese yam can be propagated as seeds and used to renew yam plants.

3.2 planting of Chinese yam

The upper end of the yam tuber is thin, with hidden buds and stem vines, usually used for planting, called yam planting or yam mouth.

3.3 jokes of Chinese yam

The edible part of the middle and lower part of the yam tuber, which contains dormant buds, is cut into small segments when the plant is insufficient, which is called the yam paragraph.

(4) Environmental conditions of production base

4.1 Natural resources

The production area of long yam requires good light conditions and rich light and heat resources. The annual average daily temperature is more than 12 ℃, the effective accumulated temperature of ≥ 10 ℃ is 4300 ℃, the frost-free period is ≥ 200d, and the annual average sunshine hours is more than 2200h.

4.2 soil condition

Chinese yam is a deep-rooted crop with a preference for sandy light loam, which requires a deep soil layer of more than 1.5m (in which there should not be a clay interlayer with a thickness of more than 15 cm), loose soil and flat terrain (slightly higher in the middle of the block and slightly lower around). The soil is fertile, containing 1.5%-1.8% organic matter, 0.08%-0.10% total nitrogen, 60-80 mg/kg available nitrogen, 20-30 mg/kg available phosphorus, 150-200 mg/kg,pH value 6-8.

4.3 Irrigation conditions

The main irrigation water is well irrigation, the underground water quality is good, the surface water depth of groundwater source is more than 15 m, and each water quality index accords with the quality standard of farmland irrigation water.

4.4 surrounding environment

The land is 200 m away from the main road, there is no pollution source around, and there are high-standard ponds, ditches and canals to facilitate the leakage of stagnant water.

4.5 previous crops

The previous crops are wheat, corn and other gramineous crops.

5 cultivation techniques

5.1 selection of varieties

Jiujin Huang is a variety of yam with high quality, high yield, disease resistance, strong adaptability and good commercial quality. The tuber is generally 1.0-1.5 m in length and 5-10 cm in diameter. The weight of tuber per plant is about 2.5 kg, the weight of tuber is 8-10 kg, and the yield of fresh yam is 75-90 t/hm2. Winding stem, dextral, stem vine about 4 m long, leaf halberd shape, tuber thin hair sparse, smooth less tumor, flesh white and juicy, upper crisp lower dry noodles, easy to peel processing. The planting density is about 42000 plants / hm2, sowing in the early and middle of April, and harvesting in the first and middle of October. It has the characteristics of high input, high yield and high benefit.

5.2 preparation of breeding materials

5.2.1 planting of Chinese yam. The planting of Chinese yam should have the characteristics of short and stout stem, full bud head, no disease, no spot and no damage to the epidermis. When planing yam at the end of autumn and the beginning of winter, cut the yam into pieces with a length of 25 cm and a weight of 200 g, then dip it in the incision with 70% mancozeb wettable powder, put it in the sun or dry it in an indoor ventilated place for 7 days for 10 days, so that the wound on the cross section can be healed and stored in a warm place indoors. When the indoor temperature is below 0 ℃, cover with straw felt and other materials to prevent freezing. After being taken out in late March of the following year, it can be used as a seed after finishing and drying.

5.2.2 Chinese yam jokes. The yam section can be used instead when there is not enough yam planting. About 30 days before planting, when the weather was fine, the yam tubers harvested by Frosts Descent were 2 cm in diameter, bright and clean, few fibrous roots, sparse hairy tumor, no disease and insect harm, no rotting plaques, uniform thickness, cut into yam segments with bamboo sticks or fingernails (not easy to be planted at the bottom of yam sticks), leaving at least one dormant bud with a length of about 20 cm, each section weighed 250 cm 300 g, and the cross section was dipped in 70% mancozeb wettable powder. And mark it with a brush dipped in ink on the top of the potato chips. Put the truncated seed block in the sun to dry the seed, spread the grass felt below, and arrange the potato piece into a layer, and often turn over to keep the seed uniform, generally drying for about 10 days, and the potato block section can be shrank and cracked. The general seed reserve is 7 500 to 9 750 kg/hm2.

5.2.3 soaking seeds with chemicals. Before sowing, soak the dried potatoes for about 5 min in 1000-fold solution of carbendazim wettable powder, remove them and dry them for sowing. When the yam section is planted, the emergence of the seedling is about 10 days later than that of the Chinese yam seed, so the soaked yam section can be buried in the sand with a humidity of about 20% before planting, and the temperature can be kept at 25 ℃ to accelerate germination. When the bud length was 1.0-2.5 cm, the temperature dropped to 15-18 ℃, and the seedlings were planted after 5-7 days.

5.3 fertilization and soil preparation

Apply sufficient base fertilizer, generally apply fully mature organic fertilizer 45 / 60 t/hm2, bean cake fertilizer 750 kg/hm2, 51% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (17-17-17) 1 500 × 1 800 kg/hm2, and then rake flat after deep ploughing for 25 cm. Before soil preparation, 3% phoxim granule 3045 kg/hm2 was sprayed on the surface to control underground pests. In the leveled field, the line is drawn with quicklime according to the row spacing of 1 m, and the trench along the line is opened with a self-propelled yam trenching machine. The spiral bit is required to be 1.75m in length and 20 cm in diameter. After operation, a loose soil zone with ridge height of 20 cm and ridge width of 50 cm was formed. If it is not the time of sowing, the top and sides can be flattened to preserve soil moisture.

5.4 sowing

One crop a year, spring and autumn harvest. Planting Chinese yam should not be replanted as far as possible, and if continuous cropping should be planted in the second year, it should be planted in a furrow way. When the soil temperature of 5 cm passes steadily through 10 ℃ and tends to be stable, it can be sown, usually around the time of "Grain Rain" solar terms, about April 20. The sowing ditch of 10 cm in width and height is dug opposite to the deep ditch on the plane of the ridge, and the bottom of the ditch is treaded lightly with your feet. The upper end of the seed bud of Chinese yam or yam section was placed at the bottom of the furrow according to the spacing of 25 cm in the same direction, and the seeds were sown in a single row. The yam plant and the yam section are sown separately. After sowing, spray 1000 times of 70% carbendazim wettable powder along the sowing ditch, cover the soil 8 cm thick after drying, and pat to preserve moisture [2]. According to the requirements of row spacing 1 m and plant spacing 2530 cm, the sowing density is 37500 ~ 420000 plants / hm2.

5.5 Field management

5.5.1 thinning seedlings. Under the condition of soil water content 18%-20% and ground temperature 10-15 ℃, the seedlings of Chinese yam and yam segments emerged in about 20 days and 30 days after sowing. When the seedlings are found to have many stems, you can take the method of hard pressing and light pulling, press and hold the soil on the base of the yam seedlings with one hand, and gently pull out the excess stem vines with the other hand, leaving only one sturdy main stem vine per plant.

5.5.2 set up the frame to draw the vine. When the height of the main seedling is about 30 cm, the frame material is 150-170 cm thin bamboo pole, and the old frame material needs to be soaked in 1000-fold solution of 70% carbendazim wettable powder. Two trenches and one frame, six frames constitute a "quadrangular frame", the lower end is inserted into the soil for 20 cm, the upper end is crossed at 30 cm, tied together with rope, and the frame is connected with a crossbar to ensure a firm. If the frame is too late and the stem is too long, the stem can be manually supported on the support [3].

5.5.3 topdressing. From the end of June to the beginning of July, 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 2250300 kg/hm2 was applied. The method of topdressing was to open a small ditch between the two ridges, apply the fertilizer, and then cover the soil. The time of the second fertilization was about August 10, and the amount of fertilizer was 300 kg/hm2.

5.5.4 Irrigation and drainage. About 10 days after emergence, that is, from late May to the end of June, the seedlings are in the early stage of leaf release and can be watered lightly by sprinkler irrigation or drip irrigation. Keep the soil dry and wet in the later stage of vigorous growth of stems and leaves, and properly water the soil during tuber expansion to keep the soil moist. Stop watering 15 days before harvest. During the rainy season, we should pay attention to timely drainage and strictly prevent Rain Water from overflowing the border and causing ditches and rotting roots. In addition to stepping on the base of the ridge during soil preparation, it can be combined with ridge cultivation to dig a small drainage ditch in the middle of two rows, and dig a waist groove every 50 m in the field. In case of rainstorm, the water can be directly discharged from the field along the ridge into the waist groove and out of the field.

5.5.5 weeding. After the seedlings are unearthed, they should be weeded by shallow hoe in time, and ploughing and loosening the soil should be carried out after watering and rainfall.

(6) Disease and pest control

6.1 principles of prevention and control

According to the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive control", we adhere to the harmless control principle of "agricultural control, physical control and chemical control". Focus on sowing time control, strengthen soil treatment and seed potato disinfection measures, take comprehensive application during the growing period, play a variety of effects, such as disease prevention, pest control, fertilizer supplement, regulation and so on.

6.2 Prevention and control methods

6.2.1 Agricultural control. Crop rotation with Gramineae crops for more than 3 years; deep ploughing and deep digging; application of rotten organic fertilizer, reasonable collocation of phosphorus and potash fertilizer; clean countryside; elevated cultivation; selection of disease-free seed potato.

6.2.2 physical control. Insecticidal lamps and attractants are used to trap and kill adults of night moths and underground insects.

6.2.3 Chemical control and chemical regulation. Chemical control and chemical control should pay attention to high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue, and many kinds of pesticides should be used alternately. It is prohibited to use pesticides with high toxicity and high residues that are explicitly prohibited by the state. Leaf release period of ① yam. In the early stage of leaf release (generally from the end of May to the beginning of June), the roots were irrigated with 1 000 times of 3% carbendazim wettable powder and 1 000 times of rooting and seedling strengthening agent to prevent soil-borne diseases and promote rooting. 5% methylvitamin salt water disperse granule 2000 times solution + 70% mancozeb wettable powder 800 times liquid foliar spray to control night moth larvae and brown spot. The peak growth period of branches and leaves of ② yam. In late June or about 55 days after the emergence of yam, spray tuber special 10% Vitamin 500 times solution + 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution + 80% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 times solution to control the mouth length of Chinese yam and prevent the occurrence of spot blight, Fusarium wilt and anthracnose. Rhizome expansion stage of ③ yam. About July 25, spray 10% Vitamin 300 times 500 times solution, 70% methyl topiramate wettable powder 1000 times solution, 0.01% brassinolide soluble solution 1500 times solution, promote tuber expansion and prevent anthracnose. At the beginning of August, 10% Vitamin 500 times + 0.01% brassinolide soluble solution 1 500 times + 32.5% benzomethyl azoxystrobin suspension 2000 times; 15 days later, spraying with 18% chlorobenzene naphthoacetic acid wettable powder 500 times + 30% pentazolyl prochloraz wettable powder 2000 times; in September, Huimanfeng, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or amino acid and trace element foliar fertilizer can be sprayed to prevent leaf premature senescence.

7 harvest

7.1 harvesting period

In late October, before and after Frosts Descent, the aboveground part of Chinese yam withered completely and could be harvested. The specific harvest date can also be determined according to market demand. All the stems and leaves were cleaned and transported out of the field to concentrate retting fertilizer, and the shelves were bundled and stored [4].

7.2 harvesting method

At one end of the yam ditch, dig a ditch with a depth of 1 m and a width of about 20 cm, shovel the surrounding soil with a yam shovel, and gently take out the whole yam by hand. Prevent mechanical damage in the process of mining.

8 Storage

8.1 sub-package

Remove the soil, fold off the upper mouth and store it for planting, and the rest will be packed and sold according to standards and specifications such as thickness, length, color and luster.

8.2 Storage

The yam to be stored requires no disease spots, no insect marks, and no wounds. Generally stored indoors, the bottom layer is covered with crop straw, a layer of yam and a layer of sandy soil, the heap height is 1.0-1.5 m, the upper part is covered with straw felt, the suitable storage temperature is 2-4 ℃, and the relative humidity is 80%-85%.

9. Establishment of production files

Establish production technical files, record the environment of yam producing area, management measures, pest control and harvest and other related contents, and keep the production files for 2 years.