Technical requirements for standardized planting of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz

Technical requirements for standardized planting of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz

1 growth and development characteristics

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz needs to be planted for 2 years to harvest commodities, the first year is planted with seeds, and the second year is planted in the field to harvest commodities. The seeds of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz began to germinate at more than 15 ℃, and the optimum temperature for germination was 25 to 30 ℃. The seeds above 35 ℃ germinated slowly and mildew occurred. All the seeds above 40 ℃ lost vitality and were moldy. The temperature was between 18 and 20 ℃, and there was enough water, and the seedlings began to emerge at 10 to 15 days after sowing. Seed germination needs more water, which is generally 3-4 times of seed weight in order to promote seed germination. The seedlings can withstand frost for a short time after being unearthed.

In Jingning county, the seeds were sown from late March to early April, the seedlings emerged 10-15 days after sowing, the seedlings were harvested in the middle and late October, and the fresh plants were planted at 4 500-7 500 kg/hm2. The seeds were stored in the room and then transplanted to the field the following year. Field production varies greatly due to climate. Jingning County is generally planted from December to January of the following year, and harvested in the first and middle of November. During the growth period, the aboveground dry weight increased rapidly in August, while the underground dry weight increased slowly. From the first ten days of August to the middle of October, the nutrients accumulated in the aboveground part and the nutrients produced in this stage were transferred to the rhizome, the underground stem expanded rapidly and the dry weight increased rapidly. From late October to late November, the dry weight of the underground part increased slowly, the aboveground began to decline, the dry matter no longer increased, and decreased slightly in the later stage. The days from emergence to harvest are generally 230,240 days in the first and middle of November, and the stem can be harvested when the stem changes from green to withered yellow, and the commodity can be collected about 3000 kg/hm2.

2 standardized cultivation techniques

2.1 suitable environment

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz likes cool climate and is afraid of high temperature and humidity. When the daily average temperature was below 30 ℃, the plant growth rate increased with the increase of temperature, and when the temperature exceeded 30 ℃, the aboveground growth of the plant was inhibited. The growth and development of different organs and tissues have different requirements for temperature conditions, and the suitable temperature range for their growth and development is 10: 15 ℃ from terminal bud germination to emergence, 20: 25 ℃ for aboveground growth, and 24-28 ℃ for underground rhizome growth. It is appropriate to choose sandy loam with good water permeability and more loose and fertile; the soil that is too heavy and easy to accumulate water or the sandy soil with poor fertility is not suitable for planting Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. The suitable soil moisture for the growth of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz is 30%-50%, especially in the later stage of rhizome expansion, in case of severe drought, the soil water content is less than 10%, which will affect the increase of rhizome. During the growing period, stagnant water in the field will cause poor plant growth and easily induce diseases. The growth of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz likes light, but it is beneficial to the growth of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz when it is properly sheltered in the high temperature season in July and August.

2.2 Land selection and preparation

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz is cold-resistant and can withstand a low temperature of about-10 ℃ for a short time. The nursery land should be planted in the area with cool climate, and the sloping land should be planted in the north and northeast hills, and the sandy loam with loose and fertile, good permeability, thick soil layer and high dryness should be selected. Continuous cropping is avoided in the nursery ground to avoid the occurrence of diseases in a large area caused by bacteria in the soil, usually at an interval of more than 3 years. It should not be rotated with cabbage, peanut, Scrophularia scrophulariae, rape, tobacco and other harvested underground rhizomes and other crops. Gramineae crops are better than previous crops. It should be noted that when raising seedlings on the slope, the seedling site should be selected upward year by year along the slope in order to reduce the occurrence of diseases. After the previous harvest, autumn ploughing was carried out on the selected land at a depth of 30 cm. When ploughing, 22.5 t/hm2 of fully mature barnyard manure was applied, or 150 kg/hm2 of urea, 375-525 kg/hm2 of phosphorus fertilizer and 112.5-150.0 kg/hm2 of potassium fertilizer were used as base fertilizer and turned evenly into the border. When preparing the soil, the nursery bed should be made into a seedbed with a height of 20 cm and a width of 120 cm. The bed is arc-shaped, and the depth and width of the ditch are 25 cm, so as to facilitate drainage.

2.3 transplanting treatment

Seed soaking with chemical is an important measure for comprehensive control of white silk disease and root rot of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. Before planting, soak the seeds with 500 times solution of 50% carbendazim or 65% mancozeb for 4 hours, or soak seeds with 800 times solution of 70% carbendazim wettable powder for 1 hour. 2.4 the planting period in the traditional main producing areas of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz is very long, generally from mid-November to late February of the following year, and from late December to early January of the following year. Generally adopt hole planting and carry out wide and narrow row planting. Four rows were planted on the 1.2m wide border, with a narrow row spacing of 30 cm on both sides, a wide row spacing of 40 cm in the middle and a plant spacing of about 25 cm. Technical planting should not be too deep, generally, the depth of the hole is about 10 cm, and there are 1 or 2 technical planting in each hole. When planting, make the technical planting bud head upward, uneven, after planting covered with soil and border surface flat (about 10 cm). When planting, it is classified according to size and planted separately to make the emergence of seedlings neat and improve the quality.

2.5 Fertilizer and Water Management

The longest time from planting to seedling emergence is about 3 months. in order to achieve high yield, sufficient base fertilizer must be applied. Generally, urea 105-150 kg/hm2, superphosphate 360~450kg/hm2, potassium sulfate 105-120 kg/hm2, or compound fertilizer 525-600 kg/hm2 were applied. If there are conditions after planting, the border can be covered with fully mature barnyard manure 15.0-22.5 t/hm2. The application of barnyard manure should be spread evenly, and ditch mud should be evenly covered on barnyard manure with a soil cover thickness of 3 cm.

The suitable seedling fertilizer should be applied early, and the seedling fertilizer should be applied twice. After the first seedling, urea 112.5 kg/hm2, calcium superphosphate 540 kg/hm2, potassium sulfate 105 kg/hm2, or compound fertilizer 525-600 kg/hm2, or thin human fecal urine 11.25-15.00 t/hm2, combined with ploughing, weeding and soil cultivation. The second time was from mid-May to early June, when urea 75 kg/hm2, potassium sulfate 52.5 kg/hm2, or compound fertilizer 225 kg/hm2 were applied. After bud picking, it is necessary to re-apply nitrogen fertilizer as bud-picking fertilizer, urea 150-225 kg/hm2, or compound fertilizer 450-kg/hm2, or thin human feces and urine 15.00-18.75 t/hm2.

After re-applying bud fertilizer, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer and a small amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied to the seedlings, generally from the end of August to the first ten days of September, urea 75 kg/hm2+ potassium dihydrogen phosphate 15 kg/hm2 and water 7500 kg/hm2 were sprayed on the leaves. If the relative humidity in the field is low and the soil water content is low, sprinkling water should be used as far as possible to increase the field humidity and soil water content. If the relative humidity in the field is high and the soil water content is high, the fertilization should be changed to hole application or sprinkling as far as possible.

2Mel July, the demand for water is not much, and at this time the producing area is often more Rain Water, so we should focus on drainage. Fields that are easily flooded cannot be planted with Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. Planting Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz field should open a good drainage ditch around, according to the size of the field, open 1-3 waist trenches in the middle to facilitate drainage. The depth of the drain should be more than 35 cm, so that the rain stops and the water is dry. After August, the underground rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala began to expand, and the water demand increased. If the soil water content in the field is less than 10% in case of drought, it should be properly watered to fight drought, and flood irrigation is strictly prohibited (can be combined with fertilization to resist drought).

2.6 weeding and bud picking under ploughing

After the seedlings are unearthed, the weeds should be weeded in time in June. Seedling stage combined with fertilization for intertillage weeding, plant growth into the peak period (closed row) generally no longer carry out intertillage weeding. In addition to keeping the planting plants, the commercial production of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz needs to remove the buds in time. From the middle of June to the first and middle of July, the plant began to bud and blossom gradually and enter into reproductive growth. Therefore, buds should be picked step by step to reduce nutrient consumption and promote rhizome expansion. It is usually picked at 20: 25 days and 2: 3 times. Picking buds should be carried out after drying in clear dew. When picking buds, hold the stem in one hand and pick the buds in the other, so as not to hurt the stems and leaves and do not shake the roots of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.

2.7 leave the seed

In the middle and last ten days of July, the plants with luxuriant growth, strong stem, early flowering at the top of the plant, large buds and no diseases and insect pests were selected as the remaining seed plants, each plant had 6 buds and 10 buds. The remaining seed plants were dug up in the first and middle of November and hung upside down in a cool and ventilated place. After 15 days, they were exposed to the sun for 2 to 3 days. The seeds were removed, fluffy and shrunken seeds were removed, and put into a cloth bag.