The construction of theme fruit orchard requires new models and techniques of fruit tree cultivation.

The construction of theme fruit orchard requires new models and techniques of fruit tree cultivation.

If you want to make your favorite industry bigger and stronger, you need to have the concept of being the first in the industry; and the standards of testing are reflected in reducing costs, high quality, ecological cycle, and increasing efficiency. Then the orchards that have certain influence, certain characteristics and can create higher benefits for people in a certain area will always be praised by everyone. We might as well learn from the construction experience of the theme fruit orchard in Shouguang City, Shandong Province.

1 requirements for the construction of theme fruit orchards

1.1 Innovation

People do not have me, people have my advantages, the formation of the "first" guidance and influence. For example, the "vegetable cultivation method of grape greenhouse" in Shouguang Town, Shandong Province is an innovative mode of grape cultivation technology, which has won the invention patent of the State intellectual property Office.

1.2 Advanced and practical technology

The orchard management technology should be advanced and practical. For example, the research and application of one-sided fruit tree technology, by manually pulling the trunk to a unified 70 °oblique direction to be fixed, so that the whole row of trees into an oblique "windbreak tree wall", and then through supporting technical management to achieve prematurity, high yield, stable yield and high quality of peach trees.

1.3 the economic benefit should be good

The vegetable cultivation technology of grape in greenhouse is to draw lessons from the mode of vegetable cultivation in greenhouse, carry out close planting cultivation, and match the corresponding management measures, so that the annual output of grape can be maintained at about 4000 kilograms, and the normal cultivation in solar greenhouse can be put on the market from May to June. at present, the income of grape growers in Houzhen Park of Shouguang City is more than 50, 000 yuan per mu.

2 optimizing the basic conditions for the construction of theme fruit orchards

2.1 Straw pressing to optimize soil Fertility

Microorganisms produce soil gas heat through the decomposition of organic matter. Creating fertilizer, water and steam heat is the comprehensive soil fertility when fruit trees are planted, that is to say, if you have selected the construction area of the orchard, you can plant crops with large straw production one year in advance, such as corn, but the purpose is not to harvest corn (depending on the situation, of course), but to use pressing technology to mechanize and crush all the straw to realize the straw returning to the field. In this way, the cultivation of fruit trees after pressing green twice a year has an advantage in fertility compared with gardens with poor soil foundation and no green pressing, and changes the bad habit of digging holes and planting seedlings in the original flat land without fertilizer. Of course, the conditional fruit growers before the fruit trees are planted, if there are conditions to take all kinds of crop straw recycling backfill (without straw pressing green) orchard fertility will be better.

2.2 intensive cultivation of large seedlings of fruit trees

Intensive cultivation of ordinary fruit seedlings (general single pole) into required large seedlings (forming branches) is a technical measure to adapt to the situation to save time, land, cost and yield early. For example, if we develop 20 mu orchards and the row spacing is 1m × 4m, then 166plants will be planted per mu and 3320 trees will be planted in 20mu. If the conventional seedlings are pre-cultured according to the row spacing of 0.4 m × 0.5 m, only 1 mu of land is needed to accommodate all the seedlings. In other words, the fruit tree seedlings of 20 mu of land purchased can be planted on 1 mu of land to continue to grow into large seedlings, and the remaining 19 mu of land can be improved by soil improvement, straw pressure and soil fertility (or conventional planting of other crops). Of course, if this scheme is adopted, the seedlings of fruit trees on 1 mu of land should be managed according to the norms of large seedlings, so that the economic yield should be formed within 2-3 years after planting, at least 1-2 years earlier than the original conventional planting model, because intensive 1-mu seedlings are much easier and easier than 20 mu of conventional seedlings. And through the improvement and fertilization of 19 mu of orchard land will be more conducive to the future growth of fruit trees.

3 reference models for the construction of four embryonic theme fruit orchards

3.1 Model and technique of High Spindle cultivation theme Garden in Saline-Alkali soil of Dwarf rootstock Apple

The purpose is to make the new garden how to reduce the overall labor cost, adapt to the development of fruit trees in the larger park base, and maximize economic benefits. The state-owned Shouguang Qingshuibo Farm has developed 100 mu dwarf rootstock apples through technological innovation on saline-alkali land. The branch classification of dwarfing rootstock apple tree is only trunk and branch group, and the fence formed by cement column, iron wire and bamboo pole plays an auxiliary role. In fact, the tree row is a fruiting wall. The yield per mu and benefit per mu are maximized (figure 1). The skeleton of the tree is actually made of cement posts, wire and bamboo poles. In general, it is recommended that the row spacing is (1-1.5) m × (3.5-4) m, the height of the tree is 3.2-3.5 m, and a 3.5-meter-high cement column is erected every 8-10 m along the tree row. 3-4 horizontal pull wires are fixed on the cement column from the bottom to the top, and each tree stands a bamboo pole with a diameter of 4 cm, which is firmly bound to the 3-inch 4 wire. Tree trunks and branches are fixed on wire and bamboo poles according to different requirements. The shaping of fruit trees requires the simplest and most economical method to achieve high-yield trees. It is suitable for the principle of not wasting biological yield, but the sagging branches and the early branches that form the results are realized by pulling branches, which generally requires an opening angle of about 110 °, and finally forms a tree whose trunk grows upright perpendicular to the ground. All the branch groups are drooping. When the thickness of the branch group is more than 1 / 3 of the trunk thickness of the growing site, the inclined pile is removed, and then the next branch group is grown and cultivated on the pile. There are no various grades in which the main branch grows on the trunk, the lateral branch grows on the main branch, and the branch group grows on the lateral branch, but the trunk with a height of 3.2 to 3.5 meters is all composed of 25-30 drooping fruiting branch groups. the defect of low yield per plant is solved by increasing the number of plants per mu. It is suitable for the integrated operation of mechanization and water and fertilizer, and achieves the goal of easy tillage, high yield and good quality after the plane fruit of the old tree is increased to the height of the tree in the air.

Fig. 1 High spindle cultivation of dwarf rootstock apple

3.2 models and techniques of protected grape vegetable cultivation theme garden

In view of the continuous cropping of vegetables in greenhouse facilities after growing vegetables for many years, it is necessary to solve this problem by means of stubble, soil testing formula fertilization, rotation and so on. In production practice, rotation is an effective measure to make use of the greenhouse structure and is suitable for the reality of rural areas. So under this concept, when the old shed is newly used, the greenhouse vegetable cultivation method of grapes can be used to cultivate grapes (figure 2). Of course, the newly built greenhouse can also be used to grow grapes directly. Hou Town, Shouguang City, has a concentrated development area of 2300 mu. The core of the technique is that the row spacing of grape plants is (0.35 × 0.4) m × 0.5 m × 1 m (with large and small rows) or (0.35 × 0.4) m × 0.9 m, and 2300 × 2000 plants are planted per mu, which is basically similar to the density of growing vegetables. Generally speaking, the yield is formed by the vine from the upper part of the mother vine (the leaf-fruit ratio is 10 ∶ 1) during the year, and the vine from the lower part is used as the preparation vine to grow into the mother vine for one year. After the fruit was harvested in the greenhouse, the mother vine and fruit vine were removed in June, and the preparation vine from the lower part was cultivated into the fruit vine of the next year at the end of autumn, year after year, and so on. Combined with other measures such as heart-picking and branching, it is like managing vegetables in terms of ideas and techniques; when there is an ideal new variety, by splitting and grafting the reserve vine from the lower part of the grape in the greenhouse when it is semi-Lignified in February, it can heal in half a month. In June, when you go to the old to stay and cultivate the mother vine next year, you have already changed the new grape variety, which is much easier than the vegetable variety. The annual yield is generally maintained at about 4000 kg, and the cultivation and management of greenhouse varieties can be listed from May to June. At present, the income of grape growers in Houzhen Park is more than 50, 000 yuan per mu. In the end, not only the old vegetable shed can be used to grow grapes, but also led to the development of grape planting in many new shed areas. it is a new intensive and efficient viticulture mode and technology accepted by the common people with low investment and light labor intensity (suitable for facility grape promotion and delayed cultivation).

Fig. 2 grape vegetable cultivation in solar greenhouse

3.3 models and techniques of one-sided cultivation of fruit trees in theme gardens

This is an innovative technology in fruit tree cultivation, called peach tree one-sided cultivation technique (figure 3). In fact, in people's impression, when the fruit tree is planted, it is standing, just like other trees we usually plant. However, when the peach tree is about 2 meters high and pulls the trunk in a unified direction to about 70 °with the ground in July, so that the whole row of trees are "windproof barriers" or oblique "walls". Then through supporting technical management to achieve premature, high yield, stable yield, high quality, so it looks like a "normal peach tree oblique planting" situation. Shouguang City Fruit Tree Research Institute is a fixed technical exchange day on the 8th of each month. The main technical points are as follows: the general cultivation of peach trees in open field requires that the row spacing of peach trees is 1 m × (2 × 3) m, the number of peach trees planted per mu is 222 × 333, the east-west row falls to the south, and the north-south row falls to the west. There are no large main branches or lateral branches in the fruiting branch group directly on the oblique trunk, and the thickness of the branch group does not exceed 1 × 3 of the trunk thickness of the bearing site, leaving oblique piles to remove, leaving no upper and lower dorsal branches. Branch group culture depends on pulling branches, smoothing branches, throwing, thinning, retraction and other techniques. It is suitable for the situation of low soil organic matter in our country, but it can make the trees grow strong but not prosperous, and there is no need to make great efforts to solve the shaping problem of closed orchards in the future, and then match the management measures similar to other peach trees. it has achieved the effect of early fruit, quick effect and high yield, which is deeply liked by fruit tree cultivation lovers (also suitable for protected peach cultivation. In recent years, open-field peach cultivation has extended Y-shaped peach cultivation) [Yoshanhua Yao].

Fig. 3 one-sided cultivation of fruit trees

3.4 Vertical cultivation of dried branches of apple on Qiao rootstock (figure 4) theme garden model and techniques

This is another innovative mode of fruit tree cultivation, which is suitable for individual operators with small cultivation area, which is called Qiaohua rootstock apple stem vertical cultivation technique. The reason and premise of innovation is that the transformation of closed orchard should be considered in the close planting of fruit trees with Qiaohua rootstock in the future, while the close planting of fruit trees with foreign dwarfing rootstocks needs support, and the low content of soil organic matter in our country should be matched with big water and large fertilizer. this will increase the early cost. So how can we not only adapt to the soil conditions, but also make the trees grow strong and not close? Therefore, the Tasong-style fruit tree cultivation model has been innovated and practiced. Fanglu Village, Shangkou Town, Shouguang City has been cultivated and demonstrated for 15 years. The operation method is that the stem height of the conventional cultivated Arbor rootstock fruit tree is 0.7 meters in spring, the second bud under the cut is removed, and the first layer of main branches are cultivated, and all the main branches are perpendicular to the trunk in autumn. In the second spring, 0.5 meters is left from the first layer of main branch to cut off the trunk, and the second bud under the cut is removed. Then using this method for a total of 6 years, 2225 main branches were cultivated in six layers, each layer of 0.5 meters. All the main branches were planted vertically on the trunk, and the branches on the main branches were cultivated by twisting, smoothing, pulling and thinning, and only the fruiting branches were planted on the main branches. The thickness of the main branch was not more than 1 × 3 of the trunk thickness of the growing position, and finally realized that although it was a Qiaohua rootstock fruit tree with a row spacing of 2 m × 4 m and 83 trees per mu, each tree was like a tower pine, with many main branches but layered and staggered, which was not easy to form canopy closure, which was the representative mode of fine management of orchards. In the full fruit period, the annual yield per mu is controlled at about 7500 kg. It looks like a tower pine with obvious horizontal layering, which has the advantages of simple method, low investment, easy to understand and affordable usage.

Fig. 4 Vertical cultivation of dried branches of apple with Arbor rootstock

(4) the theme park should embody the theme mode and function.

First of all, it is necessary to determine and grasp the soul of the theme park, which is not representative but innovative. the specific role of the construction of the fruit theme park is that the technology is easy to use, the cost is low, the final benefit is high, and with the help of business departments and publicity media, form a large-scale demonstration impact and driving role in the region, so that the gold content of regional industries continues to increase, and create maximum wealth in the process of constantly strengthening the theme promotion model.