Cultivation techniques of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in Dryland in Gangu County

Cultivation techniques of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in Dryland in Gangu County

Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a widely planted spice and oil tree species in China, because the pericarp and seeds can be used as medicine, so it has both edible and medicinal value, so the market prospect is very promising. In recent years, Gangu County has made use of geographical advantages to combine the production of Zanthoxylum bungeanum with returning farmland to forests, the greening of barren mountains and the development of rural economy, so that the planting area of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in the county is increasing rapidly. However, due to the extensive cultivation and management of some farmers, their income is limited. Now the cultivation techniques of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in dryland are summarized as follows for reference.

1 Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings

1.1 Seedling site selection

The nursery land of Zanthoxylum bungeanum should be selected in the place with fertile soil, good drainage and convenient transportation. in order to improve the afforestation quality of seedlings, it is best to choose near the construction garden, which can not only reduce the seedling transportation cost, but also ensure the seedling quality. reduce the time from seedling to planting, so as to improve the survival rate of planting.

1.2 seed collection

Zanthoxylum bungeanum trees with good varieties, exuberant tree potential and high yield should be selected for seed collection.

1.3 seed treatment

The seed shell of Zanthoxylum bungeanum has a layer of wax, which is difficult to germinate in that year. It is necessary to remove the wax before the seed can absorb water and germinate. The seeds can be soaked in 3%-5% edible sodium carbonate solution for 3 hours, then mixed with fine sand with particle size 2~3mm to remove the wax directly, or the wax can be removed by fresh cow and sheep dung mixing and stacking corrosion method or washing powder solution soaking method.

1.4 sowing

The conventional sowing time is from the end of September to the first ten days of October, and two methods can be adopted: sowing or strip sowing. After sowing, it is appropriate to cover fine river sand with a particle size of 1~2mm or cover wheatgrass without soil, so as to preserve soil moisture and prevent consolidation, so as to increase the seedling emergence rate; in addition, growers also explore a kind of fruit that is harvested and dried, and sow immediately on the same day, this method no longer carries on seed treatment, and the seedling emergence rate is also higher.

1.5 seedlings, fixed seedlings

When the seedlings grow to 4~5cm, the seedlings are fixed when the height of the seedlings is about 10cm, and the seedlings and seedlings are strictly in accordance with the principle of "staying strong and getting inferior, keeping high to short, staying healthy and getting sick", and can be combined with loosening soil and weeding at the same time.

2. Prickly ash planting

2.1 planting time

The planting of prickly ash can be divided into two seasons: spring and autumn, but it is better to be planted before and after "the Spring Equinox" in spring, before seedling germination in spring, and to subtract part of the tender shoots and leaves in autumn, so as to reduce water evaporation and improve the survival rate.

2.2 Seedling selection

When establishing Zanthoxylum bungeanum garden in mountainous area, 2-year-old seedlings should be selected, dry land seedlings are the best, stem 1cm is about, root system must be complete, plant height should not be strictly required, but there must be no rotten branches and leaves, no diseases and insect pests. Varieties can choose Dahongpao, Dahongjiao, Little Red Pepper, White Pepper, Bean Pepper, Qin'an No. 1 and other excellent local varieties.

2.3 planting density

The planting of Zanthoxylum bungeanum should be avoided, generally 4m × 6m or 6m × 6m. In order to improve land utilization and increase income, peanut, Codonopsis pilosula, vegetables, potatoes and other crops can be interplanted at the initial stage of the garden.

2.4 planting methods

When planting pepper, seedlings should be planted with seedlings as far as possible, spring planting must be carried out before seedlings germinate, if transportation is needed, the roots of seedlings should be packed in plastic bags (not the whole plant in plastic bags), large nests should be dug when planting, full base fertilizer should be applied, general planting holes 50~60cm3, farm fertilizer 3~5kg and calcium superphosphate 50g should be applied in each hole, fertilizers should be mixed well with soil, and 100g fresh lime powder should be added to prevent root rot. When planting, the method of "one burying, two treading, three lifting seedlings" was adopted. After planting, the root water was watered. After the moisture was completely infiltrated, the dry soil was covered to preserve soil moisture.

3. Field management

3.1 fertilization

Young trees can be planted with a little phosphate fertilizer to promote root growth. In the future, a small amount of urea can be applied in combination with loosening soil every year. In the control of diseases and insect pests, potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used for foliar topdressing and enter the full fruit stage. after the fruit is harvested every year, ring-shaped ditches are opened under the outer edge of the tree top and mixed application of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer. The application of compound fertilizer 0.25kg and organic fertilizer 15kg per plant can ensure the nutrient consumption of the tree.

3.2 Winter Management

The cold tolerance of Zanthoxylum bungeanum trees is weak, so we must pay attention to the climate change in winter and do a good job in overwintering management to ensure the normal growth of pepper trees.

The seedlings of Zanthoxylum bungeanum can be wrapped in grass and buried, that is, before winter, the trunk is wrapped in wheat straw or straw bags and wrapped with plastic film to avoid frost injury; or soil is piled up next to the roots, and then the whole tree is slowly pressed and covered with the soil around 20cm, and the warm measures are lifted in time before the seedlings germinate in spring. For larger pepper trees, the methods of whitening, watering and spraying plant ash can be used to prevent frost injury.

In recent years, night frost is common in Gangu County, which has caused huge losses to the growth and fruit of prickly ash trees. In view of this natural phenomenon, we should listen to the weather forecast in time, take a little pile of smoke to recover the loss, generally pile semi-wet firewood and grass 75 to 90 stacks / hm2, lit after 12:00 in the evening, there should be someone watching, pay attention to fire prevention.

3.3 Flower protection and fruiting

Pepper trees in the flowering period must not use dimethoate EC spray, otherwise the fruit drop is very serious, you can use potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus urea aqueous solution in the flowering period to prevent the phenomenon of falling flowers and fruits. The leaves were sprayed with gibberellin 10 mg / kg at full flowering; 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.5% urea aqueous solution was sprayed at full flowering and middle flowering stage; 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.7% urea aqueous solution was sprayed every 10 days after falling flowers.

3.4 Disease and pest control

3.4.1 aphids harm shoots, buds, leaves, flowers, etc., can be sprayed with 1 ∶ 1000-2000 phoxim EC, or sprayed with rice or avermectin. Usually sprayed once every two or three weeks, it can also be combined with foliar fertilization [Jishan Huayao].

3.4.2 Black beetle 200 times 40% dimethoate emulsion to water the root or smear the tree trunk.

3.4.3 Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedling blight and leaf spot can be sprayed with 50% carbendazim or 70% methyl thiophanate, or with thiram 600x or dimethazone 1000 times.

3.4.4 Leaf rust mainly harms leaves, and it is easy to occur in summer and autumn with high temperature. 0.3: 0.5 Baume stone sulfur mixture or 1000 times liquid methyl topiramate can be sprayed once or twice from June to August, and weeds under fallen leaves and canopies will be eradicated and destroyed in winter combined with pruning. 2-3 Bomedo stone sulfur mixture was sprayed at the same time.

4 shaping and pruning

4.1 pruning time

It can be pruned in combination with harvested fruit or in the period from the end of autumn to the dormant period.

4.2 Tree shape

The most common natural happy type available in production.

4.3 pruning method

In the year when the young tree was planted, at the 30cm or so from the ground, a full bud was selected to cut off the trunk, and then in the branches sent out at the base, the branches with three or four angles evenly staggered according to the direction were retained and cultivated as the main branches, and the rest of the branches were removed. The lateral branches were cultured on the main branches year by year, 5-8 lateral branches could be cultivated on each main branch according to the tree potential growth, and three or four groups of fruiting branches could be cultured on the lateral branches. Generally, there are no upper and lower branches on the main branch.

In the daily management and protection, the disease and insect branches, overlapping branches and sprouting branches should be removed in time, and the unused branches should be fully utilized and the unusable ones should be removed in time, so as to reduce the consumption of water and nutrients.