High-yield and High-efficiency cultivation techniques of flue-cured Tobacco and Japonica Rice in Xiajiang County, Jiangxi Province

High yield and High efficiency cultivation techniques of "flue-cured Tobacco-Japonica Rice" in Xiajiang County, Jiangxi Province

In the practice of planting structure adjustment and "indica to japonica" demonstration in recent years, Xiajiang County, Jiangxi Province, combined with the advantages of local high-quality tobacco industry, began to explore the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of "flue-cured tobacco-late japonica" rotation since 2014, and the demonstration area has been expanded year by year. In 2017, Yunyan 87 and late Japonica Yongyou 1538 were selected as demonstration varieties. Based on the demonstration of 25.0 hm2 in 2016, 45.3 hm2 was demonstrated, in which the core demonstration area was 21.3 hm2. The demonstration investigation and yield measurement show that the high yield and high efficiency cultivation model of "flue-cured tobacco-late japonica" (hereinafter referred to as "flue-cured tobacco-late japonica") can make full use of the light and temperature climate resources and the surplus nutrients of tobacco stubble soil in Xiajiang County, and the yield of late rice is 211.2 kg/667 m2 higher than that of "flue-cured tobacco-late indica" (hereinafter referred to as "tobacco-indica"). The yield is 70.3 kg/667 m2 higher than that of "early indica-late japonica" (hereinafter referred to as "indica-japonica"). The economic benefit is higher, and the total net income is 2326 yuan / 667 m2 higher than that of "early indica-late indica" (hereinafter referred to as indica-indica) traditional model. The total field growth period of this cultivation model is about 50 days longer than that of "indica-indica" traditional model. at the same time, it can improve soil structure, improve soil fertility, reduce diseases and insect pests and improve rice quality. Through several years of trial and demonstration, a set of high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of "tobacco-japonica" rotation were explored, and the majority of farmers were more and more interested in japonica planting, especially the "tobacco-japonica" planting model.

1 characteristics of cultivation mode and round

Make an advantage

1.1 characteristics of cultivation model the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation model of "tobacco-japonica" in Xiajiang County is to make use of flue-cured tobacco sowing before year, cold tolerance at heading stage and long grain filling maturity period after heading, give full play to the advantages of light and temperature climate resources in central Jiangxi and the fertile field of flue-cured tobacco base, and adopt the techniques of seedling cultivation in large arch shed and transplanting under plastic film to transplant flue-cured tobacco to the first and middle of March, about 40 days earlier than early rice. It can be picked and baked before July 20. On the other hand, the sowing of late japonica rice can be postponed to after June 25 to early July, and the mature period of late japonica rice can be delayed to late indica rice from late October to early November, which is about 10 days longer than that of late indica rice. The total field growth period of this cultivation model is about 50 days longer than that of "indica-indica", and postponing the sowing date and maturity of japonica rice can improve the ecological conditions of japonica rice in the middle and later stage of cultivation, increase the yield of japonica rice, improve rice quality and reduce diseases and insect pests.

1.2 the soil of flue-cured tobacco field meets the requirements of japonica rice cultivation. Xiajiang County is generally a hilly area, and its cultivated land has the characteristics of shallow soil plough layer and acid, plate and barren soil, while the selected high-quality tobacco production bases are all good fields, that is, rice fields with loose, deep and fertile soil, and can be irrigated and drained. It can be said that the rice field of 6600 hm2 in the planning area of high-quality tobacco production base in Xiajiang County is the best choice for planting japonica rice.

1.3 make full use of surplus nutrients in flue-cured tobacco field according to the introduction experiment and demonstration of japonica rice in recent years, the fertilizer requirement of japonica rice is higher than that of indica rice, especially the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The fertilization level of flue-cured tobacco is relatively high, generally applying 9.0 kg/667 m2 of pure nitrogen, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 3, in which organic fertilizer accounts for 30% of the total nutrients, especially a large amount of potassium fertilizer. The organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium nutrients of flue-cured tobacco in the previous crop were much higher than those in early rice field, and the soil surplus nutrients after picking could be fully utilized by japonica rice. Compared with the previous early rice field, planting japonica rice in flue-cured tobacco field could reduce the application of potassium chloride by 5.0 ~ 7.0 kg/667 m ~ 2.

1.4 the high yield of late japonica panicle was brought into full play. A comparative experimental field with different planting patterns was set up in this demonstration area. The results of observation, investigation and sampling test showed that the seedling of "tobacco-japonica" model grew better and tiller faster than that of "indica-japonica" model. More effective panicles, larger panicles and more grains (see Table 1). The increase of effective panicle and panicle grain is the main reason why late japonica is more high-yielding than indica-japonica under "tobacco-japonica" mode.

Table 1 results of sampling and seed examination in comparative demonstration fields of "flue-cured tobacco-late japonica"

Note: all the comparative experiments were sowed on June 26 and planted on July 14 with 14800 holes (seedlings) per 667m ~ 2.

1.5 Tobacco-japonica rotation is beneficial to the control of diseases and insect pests of japonica rice, this model is beneficial to the root development of japonica rice, the seedling is strong, and the disease in the late rice field of continuous cropping is reduced. According to research, nicotine has insecticidal effect when the foot leaves and straw of flue-cured tobacco are returned to the field. At the same time, tobacco-japonica rotation also prevented the effect of falling grain seedlings of previous cropping on late japonica hybrid.

The average yield of late japonica was 722.7 kg/667 m ~ 2, which was 211.2 kg/667 / m ~ 2 higher than that of the surrounding "tobacco-indica" late indica rice, 70.3 kg/667 / m ~ 2 higher than that of "indica-japonica" demonstration field, and 251.2 kg/667 / m ~ 2 higher than that of traditional "indica-indica" late rice. According to the investigation and analysis of other continuous cultivation patterns of rice in Xiajiang County (see Table 2): the commercial tobacco sold in the core demonstration area is 143.8 kg/667 m2, the average price is 27.20 yuan / kg, and the output value is 3 911.36 yuan / 667m2. Excluding the expenses of purchasing tobacco seedlings, agricultural materials, coal power, machine ploughing and temporary employment for tobacco picking and baking, the income reaches 2 301.36 yuan / 667m2. In addition, the income of late japonica is 1 049.00 yuan / 667m2, and the total income of "tobacco-japonica" planting model is 3 350.00 yuan / 667m2. The income is 2 326.00 yuan / 667m2 higher than that of traditional double cropping indica rice, 2 045.00 yuan / 667m2 higher than that of "indica-japonica" model, and 375.00 yuan / 667m2 higher than that of "tobacco-indica". The yield measurement and economic benefit investigation showed that the yield of late rice under "tobacco-japonica" cultivation mode was up to 722.7 kg/667 m ~ 2, and the total income was 3 350.00 yuan / 667m ~ 2.

Table 2 production benefits of different planting patterns in Xiajiang County in 2017

Note: the price of early rice is 125.00 yuan / 50 kg, the price of late rice is 130.00 yuan / 50 kg, and the average selling price of tobacco is 27.2.

2 cultivation techniques of flue-cured tobacco

2.1 Variety selection tobacco is a highly planned product of national monopoly. According to the needs of corresponding cigarette industrial enterprises, the main variety Yunyan 87 or K326 should be selected and planted in "one village, one product".

2.2 Professional seedling production of flue-cured tobacco in Xiajiang County has fully realized commercial and specialized seedling cultivation. The standard of wet seedling cultivation is that the seedling age is about 70 days, the stem height is 8.0 ~ 10.0 cm, and the stem diameter is 0.5 ~ 0.7 cm. The stem has good toughness, the root system is well developed, the leaf color is light green, the tobacco seedlings are neat and consistent, and there are no diseases and insect pests. When the tobacco seedlings leave the plate, the matrix is not residual and not scattered.

2.3 balanced fertilization

2.3.1 the amount of fertilizer applied in medium fertility fields is controlled to control pure nitrogen 8.0 ~ 9.5 kg/667 m ~ 2 training N ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O at 1.0 ∶ (0.8 ~ 1.2) ∶ (2.6 ~ 3.0), the nitrogen supply ratio of organic fertilizer is 20 ~ 30%, and the proportion of nitrate nitrogen is about 40%. The individual fertilizer application amount of various tobacco households can be selected according to the regional soil test results and fertilization control table. Special attention should be paid to the application of fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, so as not to cause greasy green tobacco leaves and affect the quality and late japonica transplanting.

2.3.2 fertilization method: 15 ~ 20 days before transplanting, the deep ditch was opened above 15.0 cm in the center of the ridge, the organic fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and tobacco special fertilizer were evenly mixed into the ditch, and then the ridge appearance was restored. Within 35 days after transplanting, the amount of fertilizer was from less to more, combined with soil cultivation, and applied for 4 times. Finally, potassium sulfate was used to water before topping to ensure the supply of potash fertilizer in the upper tobacco leaves.

2.4 transplanting and planting

2.4.1 plastic film mulching should be fully implemented for planting. Years ago, tobacco fields should be deeply ploughed, ridged and ridged according to a single row of high ridges to ensure that the ridges are more than 40.0 cm meters high and that the ridges are straight and the soil is fine.

2.4.2 planting early at the right time generally transplanting after March 8, focusing on favorable weather. Each peasant household is required to complete the transplanting within 3 days, and each township is required to transplant within 5 days. The transplanting density depends on soil fertility. Generally, the row spacing of rice fields with medium fertility and convenient irrigation and drainage is 120.0 cm × 55.0 cm, that is, 1 010 tobacco plants per 667 m2. When transplanting tobacco seedlings, it is necessary to plant moderately deeply and expose 1. 5% of the tobacco seedlings at the growing point. 0 ~ 2.0 cm is suitable.

2.5 Field Management

2.5.1 in general, about 45 days after transplanting, that is, before the tobacco plant grows vigorously, the film is removed, ditches are cleared, soil is cultivated, soil is choked and ridges are arranged, and the ridge culture is up to more than 45.0cm.

2.5.2 when the central flower of 30% ~ 50% tobacco plant is blooming, the leaves with the top shorter than 20.0 cm are removed. After topping, the bud should be suppressed in time, and the chemical bud suppression should be promoted in an all-round way.

2.5.3 removal of unsuitable tobacco leaves under the premise of insisting on an one-time flat roof of 30% ~ 50%, removing 3 ~ 5 pieces of lower tobacco leaves 5 days after topping is not suitable.

2.5.4 Pest control mainly controls pests such as ground tigers, aphids, Spodoptera litura and diseases such as bacterial wilt and red spot.

2.6 Scientific baking popularizes the dense barn in an all-round way. The baking technology is based on the premise that the air flow drop type temperature and humidity sensor or the dry and wet bulb thermometer is hung in the middle of the middle layer, and the corresponding curve is selected according to the quality of fresh leaves according to the "first class one". The control of key temperature points should be strictly implemented in the curing process to ensure that tobacco leaves reach the target state at all stages, ensure drying, yellow and incense, and highlight the aroma characteristics of tobacco leaves.

3 cultivation techniques of japonica rice

3.1Variety selection: Yongyou 1538 was selected as the main variety approved by the province.

3.2 the suitable sowing time is 20 days of seedling age, and the longest is no more than 25 days, and sow early according to the maturity of the previous stubble. The seeds were sown in 25-30 days in June by soaking in enough water, ventilating enough air and promoting bud patiently. Throwing seedlings, the amount of seed used in the field 1. 60 pieces of plastic plates with 5 kg/667 m2435 holes were used to accelerate germination and sow seeds and moist to raise seedlings.

3.3 throwing planting in time because the harvest time of flue-cured tobacco is generally 7 ~ 10 days later than that of early rice, so it is necessary to irrigate, fertilize and cultivate flue-cured tobacco in time, throw seedlings and transplant in time, so that one mound of tobacco is harvested and one mound is planted. Measures should also be taken to ensure that the tobacco fields that are late baked should be thrown and planted before July 25. The seedlings were planted with about 17000 holes in 667m2.

3.4 Field management

3.4.1 the total fertilizer amount of formula fertilization per 667m2 field was 40.0 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, 17.5 kg of urea and 10.0 kg of potassium chloride. The application method was to apply all the compound fertilizer before throwing planting combined with stubble killing in the whole field, 5 ~ 7 days after throwing planting combined with chemical weeding and topdressing with 8.5 kg urea, and about 20 days after throwing planting (before August 20), topdressing 9.0 kg of urea and 10.0 kg of potassium chloride. Spraying grain fertilizer according to seedling condition combined with pest control after heading [Jishan Huayao].

3.4.2 scientifically cast seedlings with mud water and stand seedlings with thin skin; keep the water depth of 3.0 ~ 5.0 cm for 5 days during the first topdressing and application of herbicides; open the field once about 15 days after throwing, when the number of tillers reaches 80% of the planned panicles, that is, when there are 180,000 tillers, light exposure and more exposure are recommended, rehydration begins when the second leaves are exposed, and the fetus is raised in deep water and heading in shallow water. Irrigate every 7-10 days after heading, and then irrigate after the field water dries naturally, so that the seeds are dry, wet and strong. Prevent the water from being cut off too early, usually 7 days before harvest.

3.4.3 Prevention and control of diseases and pests focus on the prevention of rice false smut and sheath blight, and other diseases and insect pests are controlled according to local disease and pest information. Prevent false smut in advance, that is, 7-10 days before heading, pesticides are the same as sheath blight, 75% oxime bacteria ·tebuconazole 20 g / m2 can be used to spray 30 kg of water; 10 ~ 15 days before prevention, 1% Shenzimycin 70 ~ 80 mL can be used to spray water; if there is more overcast and rainy weather after heading, it should be prevented again after heading.