Management Technology of dormant period of Grape in greenhouse

Management Technology of dormant period of Grape in greenhouse

The solar greenhouse is concentrated in the eastern coastal area of Leting County, Hebei Province, the characteristic industrial zone with Victoria as the main greenhouse grape variety has begun to take shape, and the facility grape industry is still further expanding. However, in the actual production operation, in order to put their grapes on the market as soon as possible, when the grape plants do not meet their own cold needs and do not go through the natural dormancy period, they suddenly lift the curtain, heat up and promote sprouting in advance, resulting in delayed germination, irregular florescence or abnormal growth and development of grapes, thus reducing the commodity quality of grapes and causing man-made economic losses.

1 brief introduction of varieties

At present, the grape varieties used in the production of Laoting County are Victoria, Auguste, Seedless Zaohong, Zana and Black Barado and so on. Among them, the Victoria yellow-green grape variety is the main variety, and its variety characteristics are superior to other varieties, such as tolerance to weak light, adaptation to high temperature and humid environment, commodity quality has the characteristics of large ear type, long oval fruit, hard and crisp pulp, sweet and palatable, medium thickness of pericarp, not easy to threshing and resistance to storage and transportation, etc., which has been recognized by local markets.

2 preparation work in the early stage of grape dormancy

2.1 fertilization was carried out from mid-September to early October, mainly with fully mature farm manure and supplemented by commercial organic fertilizer. Ditch application and pool surface application are combined and applied alternately. When basal fertilizer was applied in the ditch, the furrow was opened at 90 ~ 120 cm from the rhizome of the plant, the depth was 40 ~ 50 cm, the width of the ditch was 30 cm, the amount of fertilizer was 3000 ~ 5000 kg/667 / m ~ 2, and the commercial organic fertilizer was 150 ~ 250 kg/667 / m ~ 2. At the same time, take not a large number of root injuries as the principle.

2.2 in the middle and last ten days of pruning, there are still green intact leaves at the top of the grape branches in the greenhouse, which can be sprayed with a mixture of 150 times urea and 200 times ethephon to promote the premature senescence and fall off of the leaves, so that the nutrients of the leaves can be fully returned to the branches and pruned until the leaves fall behind. To achieve the purpose of forced dormancy.

2.2.1 in the production of newly planted young trees, in order to increase their early economic income, most farmers adopt the mixed cultivation mode of small trellis dragon stem pruning and single-arm hedge pruning, as the main vine of the shed grows all over the greenhouse surface, the grape seedlings trimmed by the hedgerow are gradually cleared. The main points of pruning techniques are as follows: the thickness of the cut mouth of the main vine growing in the same year is more than 1.0 cm, and the cutting length is 1.0 ~ 1.2m; the mature shoots with a thickness of more than 0.8 cm should be cut short about 1.0m; when the thickness of the cut mouth is less than 0.8 cm, the cutting length should be properly shortened. For the new shoots that are too weak and too thin, you can leave two or three sections on the ground. The pruning length of each grape variety should be determined according to its growth potential, branching force and other specific conditions, and should not be copied mechanically. The main spreading head of the trunk of the dragon in the small shed should not be cut too long, so as not to cause "blind" and make the main vine appear "whiplash"-shaped bald belt.

2.2.2 in the full fruit period, the big trees are mainly pruned by small scaffolding dragon trunks, and the mother branch pruning is a combination of medium and short shoots pruning, and the new shoots close to the main vine are selected as far as possible, so that the fruit parts do not move out. Remove too weak branches and too dense branches, and retract near the main vine for the branches that have borne fruit and moved outward.

2.3 Ridge on both sides of the main trunk of irrigated plants is 30 cm, the width is about 2.0m to make the border, and the frozen water is irrigated by heavy water at one time, which can improve the soil moisture and reduce the freezing injury of root system overwintering.

2.4 clear the garden to remove weeds in the greenhouse and pruned fallen branches and leaves, clean, burn or bury deeply, so as to eliminate overwintering pathogens and insect eggs. And immediately spray the whole room to control grape powdery mildew, downy mildew and so on.

(3) the management of grape dormancy period and the technique of ending dormancy early.

The dormancy period of grape is from defoliation to sprouting in the following year. The cold requirement of Victoria grape is to spend 1000 ~ 1200 h at a temperature below 7 ℃, that is, under a low temperature below 7 ℃, it can complete natural dormancy after 40 ~ 50 days and nights and end dormancy in mid-December. The management of dormant period is mainly controlled by temperature in greenhouse. Too high can not achieve the purpose of dormancy, too low is easy to cause plant freezing injury.

3.1 during the artificial forced dormancy period from the end of October to the middle of November, when the temperature is 10 ~ 15 ℃ in the daytime and below 7 ℃ at night, the plastic shed without dripping film can be carried out in time to cover the grass or heat preservation quilt. Accumulate cold capacity at night, prolong the time of low temperature, and force you to go into dormancy. The specific operation method is that the greenhouse is covered with grass or heat preservation quilt during the day, close the vent to achieve the purpose of shading and cooling; roll up the grass or heat preservation quilt at night, open the vent, reduce the temperature of the greenhouse, and make the temperature of the greenhouse at day and night

Less than 7 ℃. This process lasted for 10 ~ 15 days.

3.2 Natural dormancy stage from mid-November to mid-December, when the external temperature is below 7 ℃ and the natural dormancy condition of grapes is reached, there is no need to uncover the cover repeatedly and can cover the grass or heat preservation quilt throughout the day. This process lasted for 30 ~ 35 days.

3.3 in order to ensure the neatness of grape sprouting and blossom and bear fruit, and to make up for the lack of cold demand, the following two kinds of fruit tree dormancy breakers are mainly used in actual production.

3.3.1 Lime nitrogen sleep breaker was treated with 5 times aqueous solution of lime nitrogen (CaCN2) about 20 days before heating up. When in use, add 2.5 kg of warm water per 500g of lime nitrogen in a plastic basin, mix and stir for 2 hours, then take the clarification solution from the upper part and apply it to the winter buds of the fruiting mother branch with a brush. In order to prevent overgrowth, one or two buds at the top of the elongated branch and the top of the fruiting mother branch are not smeared. In addition, lime nitrogen is toxic, so we should pay attention to safety in application and do a good job in labor protection [Jishan Huayao].

3.3.2 about 7 days before the temperature rise, the new fruit tree sleep breaker CN2H2 20 ~ 25 times aqueous solution was directly sprayed or applied with brush dipping solution, direct spraying can not be repeated, the branches of each tree should not be sprayed, it should be light or heavy, and the smear should be wet through the bud eye. Leave one or two bud holes at the top of each branch without treatment. After spraying, dry the liquid in the afternoon and then put the herbal medicine. For the young trees planted in the same year, it is necessary to reduce the concentration to prevent sprouting. After sprouting, the main vine must be laid flat on the ground to break the apical advantage and make the plant germinate more evenly and neatly.

As a new type of sleep-breaking agent for fruit trees, monocyanamide aqueous solution has the advantages of convenient preparation, namely spraying, labor-saving and time-saving, and has the advantages of effectively improving the uniformity of grape germination, promoting the number of germination and early germination. In addition, monocyanamide aqueous solution has a stimulating effect on eyes and skin, so labor protection should be strengthened in the process of drug application.