Introduction performance and cultivation techniques of Yulu fragrant Pear

Introduction performance and cultivation techniques of Yulu fragrant Pear

China is one of the three origin centers of cultivated pears in the world, with a cultivation history of more than 3000 years, and is the largest producer and consumer of pears in the world. at the same time, pears are also one of the most efficient fruit trees exported in China. However, the level of pear industry is still relatively backward compared with developed countries, which is manifested in poor product quality, low yield per unit area and low economic benefits. In order to improve the yield and quality, the most important thing is to select good varieties and establish a standardized and efficient pear orchard.

1 the origin of Yulu fragrant pear

Yulu fragrant pear was bred by the Fruit Tree Research Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences with Korla fragrant pear as female parent and Xuehua pear as male parent. It was approved by Shanxi crop Variety approval Committee in 2003 and won the second prize for scientific and technological progress of Shanxi Province in 2007. In 2008, it won the title of designated fruit supply for the Beijing Olympic Games. In 2013, it won the title of "China Pear King" in the "11th China famous Pear and National Pear King Competition". It is one of the two fruit tree varieties introduced by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2014 (Agricultural Science [2014] No. 9).

2 performance of introduction and popularization of Yulu fragrant pear in Jincheng

Gaoping City, Shanxi Province is the main producing area of pears in Jincheng area. The traditional variety "Gaoping Dahuang Pear" has been cultivated for more than 1000 years. For many years, it has mainly processed yellow pear juice, and the economic benefit is low. In order to meet the market demand, fruit growers introduced a number of varieties for trial planting, and planned to choose suitable local varieties. The results of many years' experiments show that Yulu fragrant pear (figure 1) performs very well, with large fruit, fine meat, sweet taste and storability, and is favored by consumers, and all the fruits are sold to Guangzhou and other southern cities. The benefit per mu is 5000 to 9800 yuan, which has developed in a large area in Jincheng in recent years.

Fig. 1 Yulu fragrant pear hanging fruit shape

2.1 Fruit characters

The average single fruit mass is 236.8 g, the maximum fruit weight is 850g, the fruit is nearly spherical, and the fruit shape index is 0.95g. The fruit surface is smooth and delicate, waxy and has strong water retention. The sunny side is red or dark red with longitudinal stripes. The pericarp is yellowish green at harvest, yellow after storage, and more bright in color. The peel is thin, the core is small, and the edible rate is high (90%). The flesh is white, crisp, without residue, very few stone cells, many juices, sweet and fragrant, and excellent taste; the soluble solids content is 12.5%-16.1%, the total sugar content is 8.7%-9.8%, the total acid content is 0.08%-0.17%, and the sugar-acid quality ratio is 68.22-95.31 ∶ 1, which is of excellent quality.

2.2 Biological characteristics

The young tree grows strongly, and after fruiting, the tree potential becomes moderate. The germination rate is high (65.4%), the branching ability is medium, the grafted seedlings bear fruit for 3 ~ 4 years after planting, and the high grafted trees bear fruit for 2 ~ 3 years, which are easy to flower, high fruit setting rate, high yield (figure 2) and stable yield. It blossoms in the first ten days of April and blossoms in the middle of April. The fruit ripening period is at the end of August and the beginning of September, and can be eaten in the first half of August. The fruit development period is about 130 days, the leaves fall in early November and the vegetative growth period is about 220 days.

Fig. 2 High yield of Yulu fragrant pear

2.3 adaptability and resistance of trees

Strong adaptability, lax requirements for soil, stronger resistance to rot than crisp pear and Yali pear, second to local rhubarb pear and Xuehua pear; resistance to brown spot is the same as crisp pear and snow pear, but stronger than Yali pear and Jinhua pear; resistance to powdery mildew is stronger than crisp pear and snow pear; resistance to black heart disease is moderate (figure 3). The main pests are pear planthopper, Tenebrio Molitor and heart-eating insect, which should be controlled in time.

Fig. 3 Yulu fragrant pear tree

2.4 storability of Yulu fragrant pear

This variety has large size and good quality, and its maturity is 2-3 weeks earlier than that of its father and mother. After maturity and cold storage, the best taste is harvested before the Mid-Autumn Festival. Yulu fragrant pears with fresh, juicy, crisp, residue-free and sweet taste can be eaten in June of the second year. It can be stored for more than 4 months in natural soil caves and 6-8 months in constant temperature cold storage. The market supply period lasts for more than 9 months.

3 cultivation techniques of Yulu fragrant pear

3.1 site selection of Pear Orchard

Climatic conditions require that the annual average temperature is more than 8 ℃ and the minimum temperature is not less than-25 ℃. It is better to use loam or sandy loam, the thickness is more than 1.5 meters, and the south slope of hilly land, sloping land and terraced land below 15 °is better. Adequate light is required.

3.2 planting density

It is suitable to be planted with medium density, and the row spacing is generally (2 × 3) m × 4 m. Adopt trunk shape or spindle tree shape. Pay attention to the application of early bud carving, branch pulling and other techniques to ease the vegetative growth of the tree and bear fruit earlier. Yulu fragrant pear is easy to blossom and has a high fruit setting rate, which requires timely thinning of flowers and fruits, strengthening the management of water and fertilizer, reasonable load and improving fruit quality. It is appropriate to control the yield at 2000-3000 kg in full fruit period.

3.3 configure pollination varieties

Yulu fragrant pear should be equipped with pollination trees. Yellow crown, July crisp, red fragrant crisp and other varieties can be selected with a ratio of 4 to 6 ∶ 1. At least two pollination trees should be planted according to the whole row.

3.4 planting

Autumn planting should be carried out in areas with mild climate in winter, while in areas with cold winter, the soil can be planted after thawing in spring. It is good to plant in the north and south. Strictly select and plant first-class strong seedlings. In order to improve the survival rate of planting, the roots can be sprayed or soaked with rooting agent solution after pruning the roots. The planting depth should be the original soil imprint (root neck) of the seedling and the level of the ground. Water after planting. Autumn planting should also be watered, with seedlings as the center to cultivate 30 cm high mound, the next spring soil after thawing open.

3.5 shaping and pruning of young trees

Yulu fragrant pear has strong apical advantage, high germination rate and weak branching ability. In the shaping of young trees, the methods of sprouting and drawing branches should be used to ease the apical advantage and promote the formation of branches. Open the angle of the main branch in time, increase the light of the inner chamber of the tree, and promote early formation and early fruit. The free spindle-shaped plant is about 3 meters high, with 12 main branchlets extending uniaxially. The small crown is sparse and layered (figure 4), with a height of about 3 meters and 8 main branches, with obvious stratification. When the young trees are planted and pruned, the branches below 50 cm from the ground should be removed, and the competitive branches on the main branches should be removed. When the length of the main branch is more than 80 cm, it should be pulled apart at an angle of 70 °~ 80 °with the trunk. Through matching management, the results can be started in 3 ~ 4 years, trimmed in 4 to 5 years, and reached a high yield period in 6 years.

Fig. 4 sparse layer shape of small crown

3.6 suitable planting area

A wide range of suitable areas, China's Shanxi, Hebei, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia and other provinces (regions) pear planting areas can be planted. [Jishan Huayao]

3.7 Transformation of high grafting and replacement of pear orchard

The production benefit of the aged pear orchard is low. In order to restore its production capacity and improve the economic benefit as soon as possible, the existing row spacing and crown can be used to replace suitable new varieties (figure 5), and the supporting technical management can be strengthened. The goal of "high grafting in one year, restoration of tree crown in two years and benefit in three years" can be achieved.

Fig. 5 High grafting replacement