What are the types of grape growing facilities?

What types of grape facilities are there?

1 Grape facility cultivation model

1.1 Facilitated culture

Facilitating cultivation refers to the cultivation mode of film mulching in early spring and sheltering from rain in late stage, that is,"early promotion and sheltering from rain in late stage". Generally, the early and middle ripening grape varieties and Kyoho grape varieties are promoted to become more early maturing varieties, which can provide fresh grape fruit supply for early spring and early summer grape off-season, and bring high profits to fruit growers. All kinds of greenhouses can achieve the purpose of promoting cultivation, and they are widely used in different areas. Cultivation techniques are more successful, and they are also the main direction of facility cultivation.

The main measures include: (1) adopting early-maturing varieties to achieve the effect of picking early from middle. (2) Take measures such as greenhouse warming, multi-film mulching, and mulching the ridge surface to increase the temperature and ground temperature as much as possible. (3) Smearing lime nitrogen or cyanamide on the buds to break the dormancy of grape buds and promote early germination. (4) To promote fruit ripening earlier by limiting water and increasing organic fertilizer.

1.2 facility delayed cultivation

Delayed cultivation is different from promoting early maturity cultivation. It mainly protects against cold in late growth period, prolongs and delays the growth, maturity and harvest period of grape. Delayed cultivation is a kind of cultivation mode aiming at prolonging the ripening period of grape fruit, delaying harvest and improving the quality of grape berries. By delaying cultivation, the grape production period is regulated and listed during the New Year's Day and Spring Festival, which can not only produce high quality grapes, but also save preservation costs, prolong shelf life, and obtain higher market "time difference". This cultivation model is suitable for varieties with good quality, late maturity and poor storage and transportation tolerance. Some varieties can not mature normally in the open field in a certain area, and facilities can be used to delay cultivation to make them fully mature.

1.3 rain shelter cultivation

Rain shelter cultivation is a special cultivation mode of grape. This cultivation mode is widely carried out in areas with heavy rainfall in China, with good results and rapid development. Rain shelter cultivation can reduce disease infection, improve fruit setting rate, reduce fruit cracking, improve fruit quality, avoid rain days, improve productivity and expand planting area of Eurasian grape. In recent years, a new pattern of cultivation under rain has evolved in southern China on the basis of simple cultivation under rain.

2 Types of facilities

2.1 Grape forcing cultivation facility types

2.1.1 Solar greenhouse is composed of single and double north walls with good thermal insulation, gable walls on east and west sides and front slope type inclined skeleton. Plastic film covers the skeleton to form a slope type film roof, and the film is covered with straw curtain for thermal insulation. Because it uses the heat of sunlight to heat up the room, it is called a solar greenhouse (Figure 1). In some areas, heating equipment such as heating, heating flue or stove is added indoors to become a heating greenhouse.

Fig. 1 Solar greenhouse forcing culture

Solar greenhouse frame can be adapted to local conditions using wood, bamboo, steel, cement and other production. Sunlight greenhouse due to a large slope of the film roof, during the day can make sunlight fully into the indoor, winter sunlight direct north wall, increase indoor reflection of light and heat, so that indoor warming. The north wall blocks the cold wind at night, which is conducive to heat preservation. Some in the film roof covered with straw curtains or quilts, insulation effect is better. The disadvantage of solar greenhouse is that the east and west gable shading surface is larger, the east wall shading in the morning, the west wall shading in the afternoon, so that the plants near the two walls due to less light and poor growth and development, fruit maturity later. Because of its good heat preservation effect and ability to warm up when necessary, this greenhouse is more widely used in cold grape cultivation areas in Northeast China and Northwest China.

2.1.2 Heating glass greenhouse Heating glass greenhouse is suitable for the area north of the annual average temperature line of 15℃, heating in cold winter to increase indoor temperature. Heating system can use heating, geothermal, power plant waste heat, furnace and so on. The frame of glass roof is welded by angle steel, and plate glass or tempered glass with thickness of 5 mm is adopted. Glass greenhouse because of heating equipment, can be artificially adjusted indoor growth environment, according to the need to choose the heating date, so that grape perennial production (Figure 2). However, this kind of greenhouse investment is large, production cost is high, and it is difficult to achieve good benefits in production, so it is less used and more used for scientific research experiments with high temperature requirements.

Fig. 2 Glass greenhouse

2.1.3 Plastic greenhouse is a common form of grape promotion cultivation, which is divided into single greenhouse and multi-greenhouse (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Plastic shed by steel pipe or bamboo pole built, covered with plastic film, sub-ridge and semi-arch circular. At present, there are many types of plastic greenhouses around, different structural specifications, in general, there are two types of steel frame and bamboo frame, among which the prefabricated steel frame greenhouse construction is simple and popular.

Compared with greenhouses, plastic greenhouses have the advantages of less investment, high efficiency, simple equipment, and no restrictions on location and conditions. The illumination of plastic greenhouses is better than that of solar greenhouses, and all parts of the whole canopy can receive light evenly, and the temperature rises rapidly; but its disadvantage is that it dissipates heat quickly and its insulation performance is poor. Plastic greenhouses fill the gap between greenhouse and open field cultivation. The improvement of multi-film coverage makes plastic greenhouses more and more widely used, most widely used in North China and Bohai Rim planting areas and south of Qinling Huaihe River. Generally, single-layer, double-layer and three-layer films are covered according to the requirements of different regions and mature periods. In most areas of the south, plastic greenhouse cultivation mode is adopted, early warming promotes early maturity, later grape growth period rains more, but also can effectively shelter from rain, achieve the purpose of early maturity and high quality, deeply loved by growers.

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of single greenhouse structure and production application

Fig. 4 Production and application of multi-span greenhouse

2.1.4 Plastic small arch shed Plastic small arch shed is a reduced form of plastic greenhouse, the basic skeleton is composed of bamboo and wood pieces. Because it has the advantages of less investment, quick effect and low risk, it is mostly used in rural areas or small-scale grape producers.

Small plastic arches are often erected on the basis of open field cultivation (Figure 5). It is mainly used for simple early cultivation in areas suitable for buried soil and cold protection. It is used more in open cultivation areas of Northeast, Northwest and Loess Plateau. It can also be used in winter grape without shelf or buried soil park. Building small arch shed can reduce winter freezing damage.

Fig. 5 Plastic arch shed

2.2 Types of facilities for delayed grape cultivation

At present, delayed cultivation mainly adopts two cultivation methods: greenhouse and sunlight greenhouse. According to the temperature drop after winter and the planned harvest time of a region, the facilities type that should be adopted can be determined. Because the effect of greenhouse heat preservation and cold protection is obviously weaker than that of greenhouse, delayed cultivation in greenhouse is mainly used in places with slow cooling in early winter, high temperature and short delayed harvest time (Figure 6); while delayed cultivation in sunlight greenhouse is mainly used in places with high altitude, low annual average temperature, rapid cooling in late stage and long delayed harvest time (Figure 7). In addition, a simple arch shed was set up to protect grapes from frost, which could also delay grape harvest. In the south and central China, the annual average temperature is higher and the grape ripens earlier, so it is generally not suitable to carry out large-scale facilities delayed cultivation.

Fig. 6 Plastic greenhouse for grape delayed cultivation

Fig. 7 Delayed cultivation of grape in solar greenhouse

2.3 Types of rain shelter cultivation facilities for grape

2.3.1 The plastic shed is the same as that used for promotion cultivation, and can be cultivated by scaffolding. The skirt film on both sides of the greenhouse can be opened at will, and it is best to set part of the top film on the top of the greenhouse. Depending on the time of mulching and the mulching procedure, it can be used to promote rain protection (Figure 8) or simple rain protection cultivation mode.

Fig. 8 Plastic greenhouse structure, removing skirt film to become rain shelter cultivation mode

2.3.2 Rain shelter is a type between plastic greenhouse cultivation and open field cultivation. It is a special form of facility cultivation. It is built on the surface of grape V-shaped frame or fence frame. Bamboo chips or steel pipes are used to form an arch surface and cover it with thin film (Figure 9). In terms of form, it can be divided into single-building rain shelters and multi-building rain shelters (Figure 10). The difference between single shelter and plastic shed is that shelter has the characteristics of simple facilities, obvious disease prevention effect and high input-output ratio. Rain shelter cultivation was gradually popularized from southern planting areas. Rainfall was concentrated during grape fruiting period, resulting in serious grape diseases. The threat of diseases caused by high temperature and humidity could be effectively solved by building rain shelter, and the dosage of pesticides was significantly reduced by rain shelter cultivation. In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standards, consumers 'requirements for grape quality have gradually increased. Planting areas with annual rainfall of more than 500 mm in North China and Bohai Rim have also begun to be widely promoted. Shelter cultivation has become the most important cultivation mode adopted in newly built parks in North China and Bohai Rim. [Yoshiyama Hana Yao]

Figure 9 Simple shelter

Figure 10 Multi-building shelter