Thoughts on double dwarf virus-free stent cultivation and intensive development of apple

Thoughts on double dwarf virus-free stent cultivation and intensive development of apple

The roar of large machines driving into the orchard in the western world has awakened China's apple industry, which is still at a loss. Mowing, spraying, harvesting and pruning, a series of mechanization instead of heavy manual labor, the production cost has been greatly reduced. Shaanxi Haisheng Group took the lead in introducing a batch of double dwarf virus-free seedlings M9T337 from abroad, established a production base in Qianyang, and successively introduced virus-free stem tip tissue culture technology to produce its own seedlings and vigorously promote them throughout the country. Qianyang model was rapidly copied and popularized in various apple producing areas, thus promoting the most exciting part of the intensive development of apple industry in China, and also demonstrating and popularizing 333.3 hm2 double dwarf virus-free stent cultivation techniques in western Henan, driving more than 20 enterprises, including Siheshan Alpine Orchard, Luoyang Zhongsen, Luoning Huafeng, and so on, to invest 1 333.3 hm2 in suitable apple growing areas such as Lingbao Temple and Shangge in Luoning. Good results have been achieved. The reason why this planting model can be unique and widely recognized by the fruit industry is that it has many advantages. The author only gives some views on the cultivation of double dwarf virus-free stents and the intensive development of apples, hoping to give inspiration to the majority of fruit farmers.

1 pair of dwarf seedlings and stent cultivation

Dwarfing rootstocks were developed and studied by Dongmaolin Experimental Station in England at the end of the 18th century. The 26 types of M1~M26 published have the characteristics of high bark rate, developed fibrous roots, strong leaf photosynthetic function, reasonable distribution of photosynthates, early fruit hanging of dwarf trees and so on. After grafting suitable varieties, the tree can be dwarfed, the early growth is exuberant, the sprouting and branching rate is increased, the flower is easy to grow, and enter the fruiting stage earlier. The double dwarf is the use of the characteristics of dwarfing rootstocks, and then select suitable spur varieties for grafting, a good rootstock combination to make it more adapt to the requirements of close planting. Virus-free seedlings, to put it simply, is to kill some physiological diseases such as mosaic disease, lobular disease, root cancer and other viruses through a series of virus-free treatments, so as to make the seedlings in a completely healthy growth state, grow stronger and more vigorous, and overcome the surface phenomenon of general seedling sub-health.

The growth characteristics of dwarf rootstocks are well-developed fibrous roots, horizontal extension, poor soil fixation, easy lodging, weak dryness and poor upright. In order to overcome its physiological deficiency and ensure upright growth, scaffolds must be set up. The trunk shape is recognized as the most ideal tree structure for double dwarf cultivation in the world, which is suitable for the planting of wide rows and narrow plants. generally, the row width is 3.5 m 4.5 m and the plant spacing is 0.8 m 1.3 m. A cement pole with a height of 4 m is buried along the line at an interval of 6 m, 0.5 m in the soil, 3.5 m above ground, and 4 wires are set up on the pole. The first one is about 1 m from the ground, and each plant is equipped with a small bamboo pole. The seedlings are tied to it and grow upright. To form a strong trunk. The tree plate covers the black ground cloth, the grass is grown between the rows, and the fertilizer and water are integrated together. Large-scale machinery can enter the park, saving labor, labor and money (Fig. 1-Fig. 3).

Fig. 1 Luoning Hai Sheng GE three-year-old double dwarf apple

Fig. 2 double dwarf apple base of Luoyang Zhongsen Agriculture Co., Ltd.

Fig. 3 fruit of three-year-old double dwarf apples in Heshan alpine orchard of Lingbao Temple

2 physiological advantages of dwarfing virus-free rootstocks

In the old orchard, using Arbor rootstock and long branch varieties, the vegetative growth was exuberant, the tree body was tall, it was difficult to form flowers, and it was difficult to balance vegetative growth and reproductive growth. fruit farmers carry out many hard work in management, such as branch opening, ring cutting, ring peeling, long release, short cutting, taking branches and so on, in order to solve the key problem of flower formation. However, with M9T337 virus-free seedlings, the whisker root is well developed, the tree body is short, the nutrient absorption and utilization rate is high, the leaves are large and thick, the photosynthetic efficiency is high, 70% of the photosynthate is distributed in reproductive growth, and the vegetative growth is small and the flower is easy to form. In order to make the fruit trees hang early, high quality and high yield, it is also important to choose a reasonable combination of rootstocks. The compatibility between M9T337 virus-free rootstocks and Fuji series is good, which has a good effect on yield and quality, and gives full play to the physiological advantages of dwarfing virus-free rootstocks.

(3) simplify the tree structure and facilitate management.

Arbor rootstock large crown sparsely planted orchard, complex tree structure, more branches, main branches on the central trunk, and then divided into lateral branches, fruit branch groups, and then fruit branches, crown construction usually takes four or five years to complete. It began to bear fruit in seven or eight years, and it was ten years before it entered the period of high yield. The management technology is complex and difficult to master, and a little carelessness will cause tree shape disorder, postpone the life of hanging fruit, and it is difficult to achieve high yield of early fruit.

The cultivation of double dwarf requires that the tree shape is trunk type, the branch grade is less, and there is only one strong central stem, on which uniaxial fruiting branches are arranged, the angle is 100 °to 110 °, and the diameter ratio of branches is less than 1 × 3, so as to restrain the vigorous growth and form flowers as soon as possible. When managing, you can reach the top of the center, the operation is easy, and the technology is easy to learn.

(4) to build a garden with high-quality seedlings and shorten the period of young trees.

The selection of high-quality seedlings to build an orchard is one of the principles for the development of modern orchards. The pure high-quality seedlings of the nearest variety were selected and purchased, the variety segment grew for more than 2 years and had 6-8 branches, and the whole seedling was guaranteed by watering along with digging and planting, striving to see flowers in the same year and hanging fruit 8-10 per plant in 2 years, branches were distributed in the third year, forming an effective space, and the yield of 666.7m2 was 4 000-5000 kg in the fifth year. If you can not choose and buy nearby, you can set up a dry nursery on the spot, first concentrate on drying the seedlings, strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, and then plant as soon as the seedlings meet the requirements, shorten the period of young trees, hang fruit early, achieve high quality and efficiency of early fruit, and recover the investment cost as soon as possible.

5 it is beneficial to orchard mechanization.

Fruit industry is a labor-intensive industry with high labor intensity. Due to the reform of the social system, a large number of rural labor force transfer, young people go out to work, the rural surplus labor force is mostly women and the elderly, it is difficult to be competent for heavy manual labor. The intensive orchard, wide row narrow plant, trunk shape, is conducive to a variety of large and medium-sized mechanical operations, grass mowing, spraying, fruit picking, winter pruning and a series of management can be completed by mechanization, greatly saving labor investment.

6 Grass growing in orchard

The weeds in the orchard have been loved by our ancestors for thousands of years, but they have been misunderstood by us for decades. Fruit growers usually mistakenly think that weeds compete with fruit trees for fertilizer and water, so a large number of sterilized herbicides enter the orchard and eliminate them completely, which not only destroys soil structure and causes soil erosion, but also causes a series of uncontrollable diseases and insect pests. Modern orchards advocate growing grass in orchards to achieve the new concept of harmonious coexistence of people, fruit trees and grasses. In fact, the existence of weeds in orchards can greatly increase soil organic matter, promote the formation of aggregate structure, increase soil porosity, maintain constant soil surface temperature, and improve soil water and fertilizer conservation capacity. create a good ecological environment for the healthy growth of fruit tree roots; through multiple cutting of weeds, not only ensure the ventilation and light of the orchard, but also maintain the role of grass to give full play. The organic matter produced by it can also multiply beneficial organisms in the soil, increase soil activity, form a complete and healthy ecological environment under and above ground of the orchard, improve fruit yield and quality, enhance sugar content, and improve flavor and taste; grass can also provide a good environment for the habitat of natural enemy insects and enhance the control of harmful diseases and insect pests. Generally speaking, growing grass in orchard has both economic and ecological effects.

7 laying black ground cloth and the integration of fertilizer and water

The irrigation conditions of orchards in western Henan are generally poor, which are mainly maintained by natural precipitation. The general years are spring drought and autumn waterlogging, and most of the precipitation is concentrated in autumn, which is extremely disadvantageous to the normal growth of fruit trees. In order to meet the balanced water demand during the growth period of fruit trees, modern orchards should make plans at the beginning of the establishment of the orchard, set up a controllable water-saving irrigation system-drip irrigation pipes along the road, and lay black horticultural land on both sides of the tree line to provide fertilizer and water to fruit trees on a regular basis. The black floor cloth is used to control grass, breathable and preserve soil moisture, and it also solves the problem of manual operation of watering and fertilization.

8. There should be a sense of urgency for intensive development.

The cultivation of double dwarf virus-free stent is suitable for large-scale continuous operation. At present, the decentralized management of land in rural areas is obviously unable to meet the development needs of modern orchards. Due to the limitations of ideological understanding, land transfer is beset with difficulties, which directly hinders the construction and development of intensive orchards.

Secondly, the price of double dwarf virus-free seedlings is expensive, there are many investment projects in the early stage of the establishment of the garden, and the cost is high, which is difficult for ordinary farmers to bear. And family farms and small and medium-sized enterprises have difficulties in financing, so they can only rely on some well-funded large and medium-sized enterprises and large-scale farms.

In addition, due to the limited publicity and popularization of intensive cultivation techniques and economies of scale in modern orchards, many fruit growers still know nothing about it, and it is difficult for them to have the willingness to participate in the cooperation.

To sum up, we should have a sense of urgency for the intensive management of orchards, especially the competent government departments and scientific research institutes should make more efforts. In China, there are few studies on the technology of double dwarf virus-free stent cultivation, and it is still in its infancy. Many problems, such as different rootstock combination effect, variety selection, adaptability evaluation in different regions, large-scale design and so on, need to be further studied and discussed.