Modern intensive cultivation techniques of dwarf rootstock apple

Modern intensive cultivation techniques of dwarf rootstock apple

1 the basic situation of the experimental park

The experimental park is located in Huangchaopo, Xiadian Town, Zhaoyuan City, with an area of 1hm2. The main variety Yanfu 3, rootstock combination Yanfu 3/M26/ Begonia. Onyx is a special pollination tree. The distance between rows is 2m × 4m. The soil is brown loam with pH 6.2. During the experimental period, the average annual temperature is 12.1℃, the annual precipitation is 768mm, and the cumulative days above-13 ℃ from November to February of the following year are 5 days on average. It has been cold in winter and spring for 4 consecutive years, and the flowering period is around May 1.

2 main technical measures

2.1 Building a garden with high standards

In the experimental garden of Huangchao slope, a planting ditch with a width of 1m and a depth of 80cm was dug forward according to the plant row spacing, and the ripe soil was turned into the bottom of the ditch. Every 666.7m2 was applied with rotten organic fertilizer 1000kg, and then irrigated and settled. High border cultivation was adopted, with border width of 1 to 1.5 m and high 15~20cm. With the planting line as the center, the soil with the thickness of 10~15cm within 1 m wide was concentrated on both sides of the planting line to form a border, and the border surface was watered and settled (figure 1).

Select more than two-year-old seedlings, seedling height more than 1.2m, base diameter above 1cm, complete root system, no disease and insect, no air drying. Strict seedling classification, seedling height, thickness, upright differences within 10%, the same root size and species. Get rid of unqualified seedlings. Trim the roots moderately before planting, cut off the rotten roots, and repair the wound. Soak in water for 24 hours, and then spray stone sulfur mixture and other agents to disinfect the seedlings.

Fig. 1 schematic diagram of high border cultivation (top) and watering (bottom)

During planting, the planting holes of length, width and depth of 40cm were dug according to the distance from the plant, and the seedlings were dipped in the root with mud and put into the planting hole to make the root system spread, the interstock exposed the ground 5cm, covered with soil, gently lifted the seedlings, and watered immediately after being firm. After water infiltration, each tree disk is covered with plastic film with an area above 1m2, and the soil is compacted all around. The height of the seedlings is about 1.2m. From the 15cm under the cutting mouth, one bud is carved every 3 buds to 60cm off the ground. Cover the trunk with a plastic bag with wide 5cm and long 80~100cm, fasten the mouth of the lower bag and remove it after germination.

A cement bracket is set up every 10m, and a bamboo pole is set up for each tree. The height of the bracket and the post is 3mm above the ground, and a stainless steel wire is drawn horizontally at the distance of 1m, 2m and 3m from the ground. The wires at both ends should be tightened and firmly fixed. Tie the post to three wires and tie the seedlings to the post (figure 2).

Fig. 2 schematic diagram of pillar construction in apple orchard

2.2 soil, fertilizer and water management

Grass grows in the orchard. Take natural grass between the rows of orchards and pull out malignant weeds such as amaranth in time. When the grass 30cm or so, mechanical cutting, stubble 15cm or so. Cut three times a year. The cut grass covered the canopy. A floor cloth with a width of 1 m was laid on both sides of the plant to keep warm and preserve soil moisture.

Fertilizer and water management. 2 ~ 4 years after planting, organic fertilizer was mainly applied, commercial organic fertilizer 200~300kg, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer 20~30kg were applied per 666.7m2, and mature organic fertilizer was applied to fruit trees according to jin fruit fertilizer. Topdressing is mainly a special compound fertilizer for fruit trees. generally, pure nitrogen (N) 2kg, pure phosphorus (P2O5) 1kg and pure potassium (K2O) 0.8kg should be applied for every production of 100kg apples. In case of drought during the growing period, replenish water in time and ensure good drainage of the garden.

2.3 Flower and Fruit Management

Wall bees pollinate. A nest box was set up in the orchard at a distance of 40m to 50m. Two to three days before flowering, 200 wallbees per 666.7m2 were placed in the nest box with a diameter of 5.5~6.5mm and a long 15~16.5cm made of paper. The bottom of the nest tube was tightly sealed, and the tube mouth was painted with red, yellow, green and white colors, the proportion was 10 ∶ 7 ∶ 3 ∶ 3, and there were 100 million nest tubes per nest box. The front of the nest box is wide, dig a small hole around it, and keep it watery. Insecticides are prohibited during bee release.

Thinning flowers and fruits. Generally carried out about 15 days after flowering, leave a central fruit according to the spacing 15~20cm, sparse the side fruit, small fruit, crooked fruit, axillary flower bud fruit, back fruit.

Fruit management. Adopt fruit bagging, choose a large, normal, disease-free, non-stabbing fruit bagging with fruit table secondary shoots. Open the paper bag, make the paper bag round, cover the paper bag from the bottom up, make the apple hang in the fruit bag, fold the mouth of the bag from both sides to the middle, then fold back up, and bend the wire to clamp the mouth of the bag. When bagging, first cover the inner chamber and then cover the outer fruit, first cover the upper part and then cover the lower fruit. Irrigate the fruit 10-15 days before picking and then remove the bag. After 2-3 days of bag removal, the rosette leaves and shading leaves around the fruit were removed and divided into 2-3 times. The appropriate amount of picking leaves is 10% to 15%. At the same time, the fruit is slightly turned into fruit with picking leaves, so that the fruit is fully exposed to light.

2.4 shaping and pruning

Yanfu 3 / M26 / eight-rowed begonia adopts spindle tree shape. The tree height is 3.5-4m, 20-25 main branches or large fruit-bearing branches are cultured on the central trunk, the interval 20~30cm is spirally distributed, the fruit-bearing branches are directly planted on the main branches, and the fruit-bearing branches are in the shape of a small spindle extending uniaxially. The ratio of axis diameter to middle stem of main branch or large fruiting branch group is 1 ∶ 2 to 3 (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3 spindle-shaped tree of tobacco-rich 3/M26/ eight-rowed begonia

The pruning of Yanfu 3/M26/ eight-rowed begonia adopts the measure of "re-cutting the trunk in one or two years; pulling branches to promote flower buds in three years". In the year of the establishment of the garden, when the growing garden was pruned in summer, the strong growing branches left 1 or 2 buds for extremely heavy truncation; when the growing garden was pruned in winter, extremely heavy truncation or thinning was adopted to truncate or throw the extended branches of the central stem. In the second year, if the lateral branches are less than 5 or the growth is weak, the trunk should be pruned continuously. In the second to third year, the opening angle of the main branch was 90 °~ 110 °. The measures of "if you can stay, leave sparse to compete, pull branches and carve buds synchronously", fertilizer and water regulation and other methods were adopted to promote flower buds. In the fourth year, adhere to the practice of "fruit before shape, gradual adjustment", to remove the big and stay small, generally remove 1 or 2 big branches, in order to stabilize the tree.

2.5 Disease and pest control

The prevention and control of diseases and insect pests should be based on the improvement of tree resistance and the comprehensive application of agricultural, biological and physical measures to reduce the number of chemical control. Clear trees and gardens in winter to reduce the source of diseases and insect pests. Cut off the branches of diseases and insect pests, remove the dead branches and leaves, and reduce the overwintering base of diseases and insect pests. Growing grass between rows can promote root growth and reduce the occurrence of physiological diseases. Fruit bagging to control the harm of peach heart borer. A frequency vibrating insecticidal lamp is used to install one lamp per 5333.6~6667m2 (8 mu). Chemical control is based on mineral pesticides, with biological pesticides as the main body, and low-toxic organic synthetic pesticides as the auxiliary, the limited use of toxic pesticides, and the use of highly toxic, highly toxic and high residue pesticides is prohibited.