High efficient cultivation techniques of wide row and close planting of pear

High efficient cultivation techniques of wide row and close planting of pear

1 to build a garden

Choose the place with flat terrain, light loam, good fertility and good irrigation conditions to build a garden. In the autumn of 2010, trenching machines were used to dig planting ditches with deep 80cm and wide 80cm. 0.5 t of corn straw and peanut shell, 3 t of urea 50kg and 3 t of mature organic fertilizer were applied per 666.7m2. First, put the prepared seedlings in the cellar or in a shady place with no light. When the temperature rises and the pear buds sprout in the surrounding orchards, take out the seedlings and plant the roots after soaking for 24 hours. The garden was established by direct planting of high-quality large seedlings and strong seedlings, with wide rows and dense plants in the form of north-south rows, with a row spacing of 0.7m × 3m and a rectangular garden (figure 1). After the seedlings were planted, plastic film bags were placed on the stem of the seedlings (figure 2) to reduce water evaporation, provide a good growth environment for pear bud development and accelerate pear bud development. At the same time, black plastic film was spread on the ground in the row to increase the ground temperature and accelerate the growth and development of root system. The seedlings are tied and fixed by standing poles and pulling wires in the direction of seedling planting.

Fig. 1 build a garden along the direction of the rectangle

Fig. 2 plastic film bags for dry seedlings of pear trees after planting

Varieties with easy flowering, high fruit setting rate and high economic value should be selected as pollination trees, such as Zaocu, Huasu, Zaojin Crisp, Xueqing, etc., which can be pollinated with each other, and the ratio of main varieties to pollinated varieties is 5 ∶ 1.

2 management technology

2.1 Management under the tree

Grass grows naturally. After soil preparation, wild weeds are allowed to germinate freely and grow rapidly, and tall vicious weeds such as ragweed, amaranth, quinoa, abutilon and humilis are pulled out (or cut) at the right time. Mowing at the right time in the growing season to regulate the succession of grass species and promote the grass as the main grass species. The cutting time should be controlled before the inflorescence of the grass species (such as Chenopodium, amaranth, abutilon, etc.) and before the seed production of the grass species (such as Chenopodium, amaranth, abutilon, etc.), the cutting time should be controlled before the inflorescence of the grass species (such as Chenopodium, amaranth, abutilon, etc.), the cutting time should be controlled before the inflorescence of the remaining grass species (such as Batang, paspalum, etc.), and before the seeds are produced by the grass species (such as Chenopodium, amaranth, abutilon, etc.), cut 4-6 times a year, and stop cutting in the late rainy season. The height of cutting stubble should be about 20cm. The mowed grass is covered on the inner ridge.

Fertilize. High-quality mature farm manure was applied after fruit picking in late August, and the application amount was equal to the yield of the same year. Mechanical rotary ploughing can be used after ditch application or surface application. Irrigation. Make 30cm high border back along the trunk to increase the amount of primary irrigation and reduce the times of irrigation. Water was watered before sprouting, after falling flowers, during the fruit expansion period and before freezing.

2.2 shaping and pruning

Under the planting density of 0.7m × 3m, the cylindrical tree shape was adopted. Its main characteristics are as follows: tree height 3.0 ~ 3.5m, dry height about 60cm, 24 small and medium-sized fruiting branch groups directly planted on the trunk, the base thickness of the branch group does not exceed 1 ~ 3 of the diameter of the central trunk of the bearing site, and the branch angle is 70 °~ 90 °. The branch spread in the interrow direction does not exceed 1 stroke 3 of the line spacing (figure 3).

Fig. 3 Cylindrical tree shape of pear tree

The main points of cylindrical tree culture are as follows: strong seedlings are indefinite stem, not truncated, not retracted; multiple buds promote branching, and the fruiting branch group extends uniaxially; the thickness of the fruiting branch group on the central stem is less than that of the central trunk; the central trunk is not short, and the top of the crown is unhappy. When the tree is ultra-high, choose the lower weakly extended branch to change the head.

Fig. 4 cut the corner with a toothpick after engraving the bud

Fig. 5 branching in the same year after bud carving

The first year of pruning. The seedlings are indefinitely dry, and the buds on the central stem are severely scratched before sprouting (not engraved from the 60cm on the ground and 30cm downward from the top). The sprouts were carved at the 0.5cm above the buds, and the length of the cut was 1, 2, 3, 4 of the perimeter of the branch, reaching to the xylem. When the leaves were deciduous, the tree height reached 2.5-3.0 m, forming 30-40 branches. When the new shoot 15~20cm, the base angle of the new shoot was propped up to 90 °with a toothpick (Fig. 4, Fig. 5). There is almost no pruning in winter, only the competitive branches are thinned or the branches with a branch / stem ratio greater than 1 / 3 are thinned.

Pruning in the second year. The elongated shoots of the central stem continue to be carved before sprouting (except the apex 30cm). In autumn, the branches with an angle less than 45 °and longer than 75cm are flattened in autumn. The amount of pruning should be light in winter, with emphasis on thinning competitive branches of individual branches or thinning branches with a branch / stem ratio greater than 1 / 3.

The third year of pruning. In autumn, the branch groups with angle less than 45 °and length larger than 75cm are flattened. When pruning in winter, the competitive branches of individual branches or the branches with a stem ratio greater than 1 / 3 should be thinned, and the weak branches should be used to change the head of the branches that are too high. Cylindrical plastic surgery was completed in 3 ~ 4 years. It can be seen from Table 1 that in the second year of planting, the height of all trees reached more than 1.8m. Through multiple bud carving, the average number of branches per plant reached 31, the average length of new shoots was 27.2cm, and the crown width was controlled within the range of 54cm × 49cm. After 5 years of planting, the crown width was kept within the range of 160cm × 110cm by opening the angle of the branches and thinning some overgrown branches. [Jishan Huayao]

Table 1 growth of pear under close planting in Huludao city

2.3 Flower and Fruit Management

Sparse fruit. Fruit thinning was carried out 10 days after fruit setting. According to the tree potential and the requirement of "pressing the crown with fruit", keep the suitable load. Generally, Zaojin crisp and Zaosu pears leave 1 fruit per 25cm, while Zaojinxiang leaves 1 fruit per 20cm. Fruit bagging. Bagging 30 days after flowering. Spray germicides and insecticides before bagging. When bagging, the mouth of the bag is tied tight, the fruit is suspended in the bag, and the air outlet at the bottom of the bag is opened.

It can be seen from Table 2 that 3-year-old trees began to bear fruit, and the number of fruiting trees was more than 91%. The first fruit was mainly axillary flower bud fruit, and then it was mainly short fruit branch fruit. The yield of 3-year-old 666.7m2 was 1328kg and the average rate of high quality fruit was 93% (figure 6). The yield of 5-year-old 4130kg was 1328kg.

Table 2 flowering and fruiting of pears cultivated in close planting in Huludao City

Fig. 6 flowering shape of pear in 2014

2.4 Prevention and control of diseases and pests

Agricultural prevention and control. Before freezing, the soil between rows of pear orchard was ploughed again, weeds were ploughed in the soil, combined with irrigation, the living environment of overwintering pests in soil was destroyed, and some Hawthorn red spiders, heart-eating insects, boat caterpillars, stinging moths and so on were eliminated. Thoroughly scrape off the rough, old, warped skin and diseased tumor before sprouting. Thoroughly remove weeds, fallen leaves, residual branches and stiff fruits; cut off disease and insect branches and withered branches, take them out of the orchard and burn them centrally, and reduce the base number of overwintering diseases and insects, such as scab, scab, ring rot, pear planthopper, yellow pink aphid, Kang's pink scale, Hawthorn red spider, etc.

Chemical prevention and control. Before sprouting, the whole garden was sprayed with 3 ~ 5 °be stone sulfur mixture to eradicate overwintering diseases and pests. In the first ten days of April, when the flower buds germinated, the liquid of 4% fluorosilazole 2000 × 2500 was sprayed once. In late May, the fruit was sprayed with 1500 times of imidacloprid wettable powder and 50% carbendazim 800 times before bagging to control pear scab and aphids. The main purpose of fruit bagging is to protect leaves, mainly to control pear scab, powdery mildew, yellow powder aphid, pear planthopper, leaf roll moth and so on. In early July, 70% methyl topiramate 1000 times, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1500 times, in mid-August 80% Dasheng 1000 times, 50% bromohydropolyester 3000 times. During the growing period, on the basis of accurate prediction, leaf protective agents, pesticides and fungicides were applied evenly and thoughtfully in strict accordance with the prescribed concentration, annual use times and safety intervals.

3 conclusion

The use of wide row close planting cultivation and control of tree crown is the key to achieve high quality and high efficiency. ① should make the row width larger than the plant distance 200cm, so that the whole orchard is well ventilated and transparent. ② is followed by pruning to control the crown, and young trees to thinning.

Main, do not cut short, do not retract. After the result, the fruiting branch group is constantly updated, changing from small to large, which can not only keep the fruiting branch group younger, but also effectively control the outward movement of the fruiting branch group. ③ pressed the crown with fruit, and achieved the goal of early fruit and high yield by pulling branches and opening angles and selecting varieties easy to bear fruit in close planting pear orchard. The cylindrical tree can form a narrow crown hedge, which is easy to control the crown and is beneficial to the work on the tree and the use of orchard machinery.