Propagation and Pest Control and cultivation techniques of Camellia oleifera

Propagation and Pest Control and cultivation techniques of Camellia oleifera

Fund project: the central finance forestry science and technology promotion demonstration fund project "safflower Camellia oleifera seed breeding and cultivation technology promotion" (2015-HBTG05).

1 Biological characteristics of Camellia oleifera

Evergreen shrubs or small trees, up to 7m in height. Bark grayish white and smooth; leaves long oval, both surfaces smooth glabrous, margin sparsely short serrate; flowering from late winter to spring, red or pink, single flower terminal or axillary, petals 6-8, obcordate. The capsule is globose, glabrous, the pericarp is woody, 4~6cm in diameter, and the weight of single fruit is 26mm 160g.

2 suitable growth conditions of Camellia oleifera

Camellia oleifera likes a warm and humid environment. The suitable range in Hubei Province is low mountains and hills with an altitude of 500m to 1000m, annual average temperature 1417 ℃, precipitation ≥ 1 000mm, relative humidity 70% 80%, frost-free period 220-270 days. The soil is better in loose, fertile, moist and well-drained acid soils such as mountain yellow soil, yellow brown soil, sandy soil and red soil. The thickness of soil layer is more than 60cm, the pH value is 56.5, the slope direction is sunny slope and semi-sunny slope, and the slope is less than 25 °.

3 High-yield cultivation techniques of Camellia oleifera

3.1 Variety selection

The superior clones and fine individual plants selected by the Subtropical Forestry Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences were selected as the provenance. The main economic and technical indicators are: the average rate of fresh seeds is 22.0%; the oil content of kernels is 65%; the average oil content of 100kg fresh fruit is 3kg; and the average oil yield is 15kg/hm2 in the full fruit period.

3.2 Seedling techniques of Camellia oleifera

Safflower Camellia oleifera seedlings are divided into: sowing seedlings, cutting seedlings, grafting seedlings. Grafted seedlings are mainly used in production, and light substrate bud rootstocks are mostly used to raise seedlings.

3.3 Afforestation techniques of Camellia oleifera

The main results are as follows: (1) selection of afforestation land: the afforestation land should be in the hilly land with an altitude of 500m to 1000m, which requires sufficient sunshine, slope below 25 °, deep soil layer, loose texture and slightly acidic land (pH value 56.5m). Steep slopes, shady slopes and low-lying waterlogged areas are not allowed.

(2) soil preparation: the time of soil preparation is before October, and it is best to dig holes after a month of soil preparation. There are three main ways of land preparation. ① completely reclaimed and prepared the land. Full reclamation and land preparation shall be carried out on low mountains and gentle slopes with a slope of less than 10 °. The woodland is deeply turned over 20cm, and then the holes are dug at the fixed point according to the planned row spacing, and the planting hole specification is 60cm × 60cm × 60cm. ② brings land reclamation and preparation. The slope of woodland is more than 10 °, and the land is prepared by steps. The slope of woodland is 10 °15 °, the width of ladder is 3 °6 m, and the slope of woodland is 15 °20 °, the width of ladder is 1.5 °2.0 m, and then dig holes in the belt. The width of the ladder, the distance between the stairs and the distance between the holes are determined according to the topography and planting density. The specification of digging holes is the same as that of full reclamation. ③ hole reclamation and land preparation. The primary vegetation is less, the precipitation is concentrated, the water erosion, wind erosion and soil erosion are serious, and the land is reclaimed by holes. The hole is dug at a fixed point along the contour line according to the distance between plants, and the specification is the same as that of full reclamation.

(3) planting density: it is mainly determined according to the biological characteristics, site conditions and afforestation purpose of Camellia oleifera, which is generally planted with 80,120 plants / 667m2.

(4) Base fertilizer: in order to improve soil fertility, promote seedling growth and achieve high yield as soon as possible, measures should be taken according to local conditions. After digging holes, garbage fertilizer, rice straw and farm fertilizer 3~5kg should be properly applied, compound fertilizer 0.25~0.30kg should be added to each hole, and then the surface soil should be backfilled to fill the hole in the shape of steamed bread for afforestation.

(5) Seedling selection: the quality grade specification of Camellia oleifera seedlings is shown in Table 1. Ⅰ and Ⅱ qualified seedlings are required for afforestation, and grafted seedlings with light substrate are recommended for afforestation.

Table 1 quality grade specification of safflower Camellia oleifera seedlings

(5) Seedling planting: the planting time of cutting seedlings and sowing seedlings should be from December to January, and no later than the middle of March at the latest. Container seedlings can be afforested from late October to the end of May in the following spring, and the best afforestation is from early March to late April. When planting, the root is comfortable, the seedling is upright, the soil is solid, and the seedling planting should not be too deep. It is appropriate to level the ground at the marriage interface, and water the roots thoroughly after planting.

3.4 tending and management of Camellia oleifera

(1) tending and management of young forest: ① replanting. It was replanted in the spring of the second year after afforestation, and the diseased plants were made up with strong seedlings of the same age. ② water, soil and fertilizer management. Drainage should be paid attention to in the rainy season after afforestation, and irrigation should be carried out in time when summer and autumn are dry. The root system was protected in the first year after afforestation, and weeding was not allowed in summer and after September. In the second year, they were raised once or twice a year, the first from May to June and the second from August to September. It is mainly loosening soil, weeding, cultivating soil and expanding holes. During the period of young forest, the gap between forests can be used to interplant green manure, medicinal materials, oilseeds and other crops. Farm manure 10~20kg was applied to each plant in winter, nitrogen fertilizer was applied before spring shoot germination, and the best ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 2 ∶ 1 ∶ 1. ③ tree cultivation. When the height of the seedling reached 40~50cm after planting, it was peeled and dried.

In the first year, 3 strong lateral branches with reasonable orientation were selected as main branches at 30~40cm, and 2 strong branches were retained on each main branch as secondary main branches in the second year. In 3 ~ 4 years, on the basis of continuing to cultivate primary and secondary branches, the strong spring shoots were cultivated into lateral branch groups, and the proportion among them was reasonable and evenly distributed, forming a low natural round head and happy crown. Young trees need to remove their buds in the first 3 years to maintain their vegetative growth and speed up the formation of the crown.

(2) tending and management of adult forest: ① reclamation. From November to January of the following year, winter reclamation can take reclamation, hole reclamation and trench reclamation with a depth of 20cm and 25cm, while summer reclamation is from May to July, the depth is generally 10~15cm, which requires a shallow shovel.

② pruning. Camellia oleifera should not be pruned with great intensity, such as withered branches, disease and insect branches, long branches and high forked branches, and cultivate natural happy tree type or natural round-headed tree type.

③ fertilization. In order to meet the needs of vegetative growth and a large number of flowering and fruiting of Camellia oleifera in the full fruit stage, fertilization should be a reasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the general N ∶ P ∶ K is 10 ∶ 6 ∶ 8. The total amount of rapidly available fertilizer per plant per year is 1.5~2.0kg and organic fertilizer 15~20kg. The application of organic fertilizer can not only effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, increase soil fertility, increase the number of soil microorganisms, prolong fertilizer efficiency, but also increase the oil content of fruit.

(3) Beekeeping and pollination: Camellia oleifera is mainly pollinated by bees, ants and other insects, one is to protect beneficial pollination insects, and the other is to raise bees around the woodland, which can not only increase economic income, but also meet the needs of Camellia oleifera pollination and improve seed setting rate.

4 main diseases and insect pests and their control

The main diseases of Camellia oleifera are anthracnose and bituminous coal disease, and the main pests are Camellia oleifera inchworm and tea shoot moth. The principle of "prevention is more important than cure" should be carried out, and the comprehensive control measures should be based on cultivation techniques and the combination of biological and drug control. Protection and utilization of natural enemies for biological control.

5 Fruit harvest

The ripening time of safflower Camellia oleifera fruit is in the middle of September. The unripe fruit has low yield, low oil yield and poor quality after harvest. Early picking is strictly prohibited. When the exocarp of Camellia oleifera falls off, the color becomes darker, the color becomes brighter, the exocarp changes from bluish yellow to red or reddish brown, and the kernel becomes hard. When picking with a knife or hook, it is strictly forbidden to break branches or hit the trunk to damage the tree, so as not to affect the new flower buds and next year's yield. Picking fruit and beating with poles. After the fruit is harvested, the fruit should be dried and threshed in time, the sundries should be removed, and the oil should be pressed into the warehouse after it is fully dried. Do not explode the seeds used for raising seedlings and store them in sand.