Breeding and cultivation techniques of Dendrobium officinale seedlings

Seedling breeding and cultivation techniques of Dendrobium candidum

Dendrobium candidum is the best of Dendrobium, which is respected by doctors and medical classics of all ages. It is commonly known as "life-saving fairy grass". It is a national second-class protected plant and one of the important forest medicine resources in China [Jishan Hua Yao]. The seedling breeding and cultivation techniques of Dendrobium candidum are developed and studied by the planting base of Dendrobium candidum in the three Gorges Natural Medicine Science and Technology Park (Science and Technology Park). The Science and Technology Park, which is supported by universities and scientific research institutions such as Wuhan University and Guangdong Pharmaceutical College, is a tissue culture, planting, deep processing and product research and development base of Dendrobium candidum seedlings in the three Gorges area with the largest scale, the most complete equipment and the most standardized management. it is also a leisure agricultural sightseeing and tourism park based on medicinal plant culture. The technical research and test show that the planting technology of Dendrobium candidum in the three Gorges Natural Medicine Science and Technology Park has the advantages of mature planting technology, strong maneuverability, mature matching, low cost, safety and environmental protection. It plays an important role in the popularization and application of seedling breeding and cultivation techniques of Dendrobium candidum in the whole region and town.

1 general situation of physical geography

Yaqueling Town is located in the east gate of Yiling District, which is the transitional area from the mountainous area of western Hubei to Jianghan Plain. It is located at 111 °278 "~ 111 °39330" east diameter and 30 °320033 "~ 30 °470035" north latitude. It is bordered by Dangyang City in the east, Jinyin Gang Forestry Institute and Wujia District in the west, Zhijiang City and Liting District in the south, and Longquan Town in Dangyang City and Yiling District in the north. The terrain gradually tilted from northwest to southeast, and the altitude gradually decreased from 313m in Tianfeng to 68m in Longdong, which is the highest in Tianfeng. There are low mountains, hills and plains distributed in the territory, forming a typical interlaced landform of hills and plains.

Yakuiling is a subtropical monsoon climate, with abundant rainfall, sufficient light, mild climate, cold winter and hot summer, four distinct seasons, annual rainfall of 1 200 400mm, rainfall season and rainfall are extremely uneven, rainfall is concentrated from May to September, rainfall is about 800mm, accounting for 74% of the annual rainfall. The rainfall from October to December accounted for 14%. January to April, the rainfall accounted for only 12%. The annual average temperature is 16.6 ℃, the frost-free period is 245-290 days, the extreme highest temperature is 41.4 ℃, the lowest temperature is-12 ℃, and the annual average sunshine hours is 1 669.2 hours.

2 the basic situation of the implementation area

The Science and Technology Park, invested and built by Hubei Zhujia Louzi Leisure Development Co., Ltd., is a medicinal herb planting and leisure tourism project integrating Dendrobium candidum planting, medicinal plant science popularization and ecological agriculture tourism. The Science and Technology Park is located in Wulong Village, Yazhiling Town, Yiling District, Yichang City, Hubei Province, with beautiful scenery and beautiful environment. Wulong Village is one of the villages with less woodland in Yiling District. "more people and less land" has always been a difficult problem faced by Wulong Village Committee and farmers. At present, the first phase of Dendrobium candidum base has completed an investment of 8 million yuan, covering an area of 2hm2, and more than 90 electric greenhouse films, automatic sprinkler irrigation elevated sheds and greenhouses have been built. The promotion of the demonstration base of Dendrobium candidum in Wulong Village can achieve the best demonstration role of point and surface, and then spread out in an all-round way. After the implementation of the science and technology park project has achieved substantial benefits, it will play a role in guiding and guiding the whole town and even the whole city to establish the planting, production and development of characteristic traditional Chinese medicine industry. The formation of the industrial chain of pharmaceutical factories + companies + farmers will certainly increase the income of the broad masses of farmers in the project area.

Table 1 comparison of main varieties of Dendrobium

3 comparison table of main varieties of Dendrobium

It can be seen from Table 1 that Dendrobium candidum has the characteristics of strong adaptation to the environment, easy to distinguish shape, easy to absorb medicinal value, good taste, many edible parts and simple promotion, which shows obvious advantages compared with other Dendrobium varieties.

4 benefit analysis

All of them are planted in conjoined greenhouse (viaduct). The specification of conjoined greenhouse is 30m × 6m, the span between greenhouse is 8m, and the gap between greenhouse and shed is 1.2m. According to the three greenhouses, the 667m2 is converted into 540m2 (30m × 6m × 3) and gap 108m2 (30m × 1.2m × 3). Radiation area such as artificial walkway 19m2. Because the yield of Dendrobium candidum is unstable in the first and second years after planting, the harvest yield is different. However, the output increased steadily after the third year (that is, the second harvest). This data is analyzed by the third year of planting of Dendrobium candidum in Zhujialou.

The number of species and plants is 1m2 × 70 × 100 / m2 / 80 (divided into big seedlings and new seedlings)

Survival number 80 plants × survival rate 90% (technical index) = 72 plants

The number of collectable plants in the next year is 72 (seed plants) × 3 × 5 fresh strips (fresh strips) / plant = 216 (calculated according to 3 roots)

Each fresh strip weighs 216pieces (fresh strips) × 4~8g/ strips = 864g (calculated according to 4G)

The output of greenhouse (calculated by effective area 350m2 of 540m2) is 350m2 × 864g=302 400g=302.4kg. The total annual cost of raw materials, water and electricity, medicine and labor wages is about 18,000 yuan. The annual profit (no disease) is expected to be 220000 yuan, and the output value per mu is more than 240000 yuan (300kg × 800yuan / kg).

5 Seedling breeding of Dendrobium candidum

All the seedlings of Dendrobium candidum come from the three Gorges Natural Medicine Science and Technology Park. Hubei Zhujialuzi Leisure Development Co., Ltd. and the three Gorges Natural Medicine Science and Technology Park set up the tissue culture room of Dendrobium candidum in Wujiagang High-tech Zone in 2012. After the process of "tissue culture-bottle seedling-screening-seedling refining-seedling washing-domestication cultivation", the strong seedlings of Dendrobium candidum which meet the requirements can be transplanted to the planting bed in the greenhouse. The container seedlings of Dendrobium candidum tissue culture are all self-sufficient, which not only lays a solid seedling foundation for the company to expand and strengthen the Dendrobium industry, but also provides an important seedling guarantee for the development and promotion of Dendrobium industry.

6 cultivation techniques of Dendrobium candidum

Combined with the social habit of Dendrobium candidum, when planting, we must take the clump as the unit, three as a clump, and the distance between each other as the standard of 8~10cm. When planting, we should plant the same strong seedlings together with three clumps, and pay attention to not putting heavy pressure on the root system when planting, but only covering the root of the young seedling lightly. When planting, we should pay attention to reasonable and close planting, neat arrangement, a line of vertical and horizontal, so as to facilitate the ventilation and light transmission of the seedlings. The specification and location of daylight greenhouse should first be selected according to the growth habits of Dendrobium candidum, and then the selected project area should fully take into account the area without industrial environmental pollution. The construction of the solar shed must be planned, the entrance of the shed is in the north-south direction, the ground is relatively flat, dig a good drainage ditch around the solar shed, and install high-power air conditioners under the condition of abundant funds. according to the change of temperature, the temperature, humidity and water spraying adapted to the growth of Dendrobium candidum are all controlled automatically by computer. The solar shed must be a large conjoined scaffolding with steel frame structure so that the height of the shed is more than 5m 6m and the area of each shed is more than 2 000m2. According to the different cultivation carriers, the simulated wild cultivation under the solar greenhouse can be divided into trunk binding cultivation, hanging basin cultivation and planting bed cultivation.

The main contents are as follows: (1) the technical points of planting bed under greenhouse. The width of the bed must be easy to operate, for example, four beds 1.3m wide can be set up in a solar greenhouse with a width of 8m. The thickness of the rich matrix is about 10cm, and the mixed matrix is mixed. The slate seedling bed which is higher than 30cm above the ground is laid in the shed to ensure the ventilation and water permeability of the planting substrate, and then the organic matter particles are laid on it and then the Dendrobium seedlings are planted. The average temperature of transplanting is 15: 30 ℃. If the temperature is too low or too high, it is not suitable to transplant. Generally speaking, it can be cultivated except the coldest January to February and the hottest July to August. When transplanting, dig a small hole in the substrate, gently put the root of Dendrobium candidum into a small hole, be careful not to break the root of Dendrobium candidum. The planting distance is 12cm × 15cm. 1 cluster of seedlings is 3 × 5 standard seedlings. The planting density and the number of seedlings directly affect the yield. It is appropriate to cover the roots completely, too deep leaves are easy to rot and cause diseases, and the shallow base is exposed to the air without using new roots and buds to grow. The water management of newly transplanted tissue culture seedlings is very important, because of lack of water, slow growth and low survival rate, but too much watering will cause root rot. When the temperature is high and the temperature is high, soft rot will occur, so the air temperature will be kept at about 80% within 1 week after transplanting, and the air temperature for new roots can be maintained at about 70% after 1 week.

(2) the key points of tree binding cultivation techniques under the greenhouse. The wild cultivation of Dendrobium candidum was carried out with DBH above 10cm, many branches, dense crown, moist, ventilated, moderate trunk, loose bark, longitudinally split ditch, easy to manage maple incense, camphor, oak and Masson pine. 80 trunks per 666.7m2 were selected for bundling, and 50 clumps of trunks were bundled according to the trunk size, 2-3 trees per clump, 8 000-12 000 trees per mu. The nursery bed can be tied to the tree trunk with rope, apply enough organic particles, and then tie the domesticated Dendrobium seedlings to it.

(3) the key points of hanging pot cultivation under the greenhouse. The greenhouse requires 70% shade, and the substrate selection is the same as that of the planting bed. Seedlings select plants with strong plants, bright green color, more germination, well-developed roots and no diseases and insect pests. 5-7 stem plants with leaves are planted in each pot. Each tree hangs 4 to 6 pots, 400 to 600 pots per mu, 2 to 3 per pot, and 8 000 to 18 000 per mu.

7 Field management of Dendrobium candidum

The main results are as follows: (1) Field management is the key to the success of planting. As the saying goes, "three-minute species, seven-minute tube" refers to the daily management of the field, and now it has summed up eight major daily managements. aiming at Dendrobium candidum generally growing in the inaccessible old mountain forest and the sunny side of the cliff or attached to the tree trunk, its habit is relatively warm, half-yin and half-sun, humid, breathable environment, imitation wild cultivation needs to imitate the wild growth environment. The design of cultivation solar shed and cultivation base is also designed according to this characteristic, according to the characteristics of Dendrobium, a sunshade net with a certain light transmittance around the top layer of Dendrobium, and the selection and purchase of sunshade net is more important. too high light transmittance will burn the seedlings to death, and too low light transmittance will affect its photosynthesis and cause the seedlings to grow slowly. The top of the greenhouse is a spray device, which controls the temperature and humidity of the cultivated colonies in the greenhouse, and should be observed at any time during the management period of the seedling bed of Dendrobium candidum: the humidity of the colonies (thermometer monitoring), the humidity of 60% to 75% is appropriate, the temperature should not exceed 35 ℃ (summer), the temperature more than 35 ℃ will cause the seedlings to enter a dormant state, and the best normal temperature can be kept between 25 and 27 ℃ is the best growth temperature. In order to strengthen the anti-icing and anti-freezing facilities in the shed after winter, the plastic film in the whole shed must be covered tightly, and the air conditioner should be installed and temperature control should be implemented to prevent the seedlings from freezing to death.

(2) Wet temperature. The optimum temperature for the growth of Dendrobium candidum is 2032 ℃, and the humidity is 60% 90%. At high temperature, through the installation of automatic spraying system, the use of weak acid or neutral water, spray to cool and moisturize; at low temperature, it is necessary to take appropriate protective measures.

(3) topdressing. In the growing season of Dendrobium candidum, topdressing should be applied in time according to the growth status, and mature soybean, rapeseed cake, calcium superphosphate and other mixtures such as river mud can be torn at the root. In addition, 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used for extra-root topdressing.

(4) pruning. Before sprouting new buds in spring every year, the withered stems in the clump were cut off combined with the old stems, and the diseased stems, weak stems and rotten roots were removed. After planting for 5 to 6 years, they were rebranched and propagated according to the growth of the clumps.

8 Disease and pest control of Dendrobium candidum

The main results are as follows: (1) the principle of prevention and control of diseases and insect pests must be followed. "giving priority to prevention and comprehensive control", based on horticultural control, strengthen artificial control and carry out comprehensive control of diseases and insect pests. There are the following prevention and control measures: ① creates environmental conditions that are not conducive to the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, and adopts steel beds with a certain distance from the ground to improve water permeability and reduce the harm of underground pests such as snails and ground tigers. The ② greenhouse is equipped with anti-insect nets for a week to prevent moths from flying into the shed to lay eggs and breed other insects.

(2) the diseases and insect pests of Dendrobium candidum were observed. ① diseases: soft rot, anthracnose, etc., mainly damage leaves and stems and branches, damaged leaves appear brown or gray disease spots. Prevention and control methods: 50% carbendazim 800 times solution can be sprayed 1 times twice and 50% methyl thiophanate wettable powder 1000 times liquid spray 2 times 3 times. ② pests include snails, slugs (slugs) and so on, which mainly harm young stems and young leaves. Prevention and treatment: quicklime or salt can be sprinkled around the planting bed, slug can also be killed with Hongan Su, snail can be killed with snail killer. Pest prevention and population hunting must be given priority to, such as the use of chemical control of diseases and insect pests, the guidelines for the use of green food pesticides should be strictly implemented.

9 harvesting and processing of Dendrobium candidum

(1) take the best time. According to the relationship between the growth of Dendrobium candidum and its medicinal components, it is about 18-20 months after planting that its medicinal components can accumulate to the best season. When the leaves of the stem segments have fallen off completely or the stem is covered by white leaf sheaths from the base to the top, its polysaccharides accumulate.

The harvest season is controlled by the Qingming Festival from Frosts Descent of the lunar calendar to the coming year. Stem branches are generally harvested from November to March of the following year. When harvesting, cut off more than 3-year-old stem branches, leaving tender stems to continue to grow. Flowers are harvested from March to June every year, and flowers with more than 3-year-old stems and branches are generally harvested.

(2) processing. The traditional processing method is to remove impurities, cut off part of the fibrous root, heat while twisting into a spiral or spring-shaped drying or cut off, dry or low-temperature drying, the former is commonly known as iron air bucket, also known as earring Dendrobium, the latter is called Dendrobium candidum.

Based on the analysis and research results of seedling breeding and cultivation techniques of Dendrobium candidum in the project, although the seedling breeding and cultivation techniques of Dendrobium candidum were affected by many factors, it is concluded from the experimental results that the seedling breeding and cultivation techniques of Dendrobium candidum are suitable to be popularized in Yiling area.