Cultivation techniques of promoting early and delaying late in potted Apple

Cultivation techniques of promoting early and delaying late in potted Apple

Apple potted plant is a new thing, its emergence has been welcomed and valued by leisure agriculture, sightseeing tourism and landscaping and other undertakings. Its development and popularity is a symbol of the improvement of social economy and people's living standards in our country. It is also a fashion for working people to pursue the beauty of life and environment.

For peasant household production, 666.7m2 can put 1500 to 2000 pots with 26~33cm in diameter, and the fruit yield of each pot is 2.5 to 4.0 kg 5000kg or more than 666.7 m2. The pots with diameter 40~60cm can hold 400 to 500 pots, and the yield of each pot is higher than that of 5000kg. When trees are planted in the first year, there is a certain yield in the second year and high yield in the third year.

1 Variety selection

1.1 early maturing varieties

July fresh (K9) is very precocious, mature in May and June, cold resistance, high yield, early fruit, bright and beautiful pericarp, yellowish pulp, moderate sweet and sour flavor, strong flavor and quality.

1.2 late-maturing varieties

Hanfu, Huahong and Hanxiang are extremely cold-resistant and high-yield. they are new varieties with large fruit type and high quality. the single fruit weight of potted plants can exceed 0.5kg and the yield of 666.7m2 can exceed that of 5000kg. There is a certain yield in the second year after planting and a high yield in three years. The peel is all red, the fruit shape is correct, beautiful, the pulp is all yellowish, the acid content and sugar content are higher than "Red Fuji", moderate sour and sweet, good flavor, high hardness, resistant to storage and transportation. If the potted plant is not picked, the fruit will never fall, and there will be fresh fruit on the tree after delayed cultivation, which will not deteriorate or fade.

2 selection and treatment of flowerpots

In the first year, the flowerpot of 26~33cm was selected, and the bottom of the pot was punched with 6-7 finger-thick holes to facilitate ventilation. Soak in 50% carbendazim 800-fold solution for 24 hours and then plant seedlings in nutritious soil. Results 1 or 2 years later, the big basin was changed to the specification 40~60cm. Pay attention to root trimming when changing soil, once every other year.

3 preparation of nutritious soil

Formula 1: sand, black soil, horse dung, each 1 beat 3, add a small amount of rotten chicken dung noodles (100g-150g). Formula 2: 2 parts of field topsoil, 1 part of crushed firewood and grass, 1 part of perlite, 1 part of cow and horse dung. Formula 3: 2 parts of aged rice husk, 1 part of garden soil, 1 part of barnyard manure.

4 Water and fertilizer management

4.1 watering

For potted apples, the management of water and fertilizer is very important, which is the main factor to determine the yield and quality, and the key to obtain benefit. Mass production, must be responsible for, careful management, frequent observation, found that the leaf wilting, is a serious lack of water. But it can not be watered every day, depending on the changes of the weather, see dry and wet, pour thoroughly. Do not flood irrigation, repeated watering, so as not to dilute the nutrition in the basin, waste manure or retting roots.

The leaves are hypertrophic and thick green, indicating that the fertilizer and water is moderate, and the heart leaves are yellowing, indicating that the water is irrigated too frequently and should be corrected in time. In case of heavy rain after watering, you should put down the flowerpot to prevent rain and make sure that the weather is fine and then pick it up. In short, more water and less water are not suitable for the growth of potted fruit trees. It must be mastered correctly.

4.2 fertilization

Choose high-quality rotten farm manure as topdressing, such as chicken manure, pig manure, sheep manure and so on. The amount of fertilizer application is determined by the size of the basin. In the basin of 26~33cm, urea is applied in each pot by 4g and 5g, compound fertilizer is slightly increased, farm manure is 150g / 250g, and the pot is doubled. Watering in time after fertilization, topdressing 5-6 times a year, before and after flowering, 2-3 times during fruit development, and 1 time after fruit picking. Nitrogen fertilizer should be the main fertilizer in the early stage, and there should be more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the later stage. Foliar fertilizer was sprayed in the growing season, 0.2%-0.3% urea was sprayed in the early stage, and 0.2%-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed in the later fruit coloring for 3 times, with an interval of 10 days. Spraying fertilizer had better choose cloudy day or evening to facilitate absorption.

5 styling

5.1 ornamental type

After planting, the stem of 30~40cm was fixed, and the lateral branches of 10cm from the basin were 8 leaves and 10 leaves from 15cm. The new shoots sent out after coring left 2 leaves and 3 leaves again, and the new shoots sent out later left 8 leaves and 10 leaves for coring several times a year. But stop picking the heart in the middle of July, lest the new shoots sent out in autumn can not mature in that year. There are triangle, semicircle, upright pleomorphism, pagoda, fan, random shape and so on. In addition to adjusting the beautiful shape of the tree, the amount of fruit and fruit should be increased as much as possible.

5.2 production type

After planting, 30~50cm is fixed to dry, and most of the apple trees that participate in open field production are shaped, with 5 main double layers or spindle shape is better. The lateral branches should be coring when they grow to 20~30cm, and the new shoots should be coring at 10~20cm for 2 or 3 times. During the growing period, dense branches, competitive branches, juxtaposed branches and growing branches were removed. Thinning branches should be carried out early rather than late, and should be carried out before the Lignification of branches. Pruning the fruiting tree after dormancy, the fruiting branches will be cut off with 1 / 2 or 1 / 3, the overdense branchlets will be cut off, the crown will be enlarged year by year, and efforts will be made to strengthen the load of the main branches. To balance the tree potential, so that its fruiting branch groups are full of space, so that the tree body is healthy and beautiful.

6 twisting and folding

The graceful shape of potted apple trees is the foundation, and many fruits and good fruits are the key. In order to produce more and better apples, when the new shoots of fruit trees grow to 10~13cm and semi-Lignification every year, strong branches must be twisted and folded. The twisted and drooping part of the upper and middle part of the branch is called a twisted tip; it is constantly called a broken tip. Twisting and folding can hinder the transport of nutrients, weaken the tree potential, and be beneficial to the formation of flower buds and the ripening of fruit branches. The fruit produced by twisting and folding the top is of high quality, especially the fruit of the terminal flower bud is very large, some of which are more than 500g.

7 thinning flowers and fruits

Thinning flowers should be early rather than late, before flower buds germinate, cut off extra axillary flower buds, excess branches, you can also remove excess flowers on branches during the flowering period. The middle flower and the first edge flower should be left in each inflorescence when thinning flowers. Try to protect the top flower bud on the short branch. The first time of fruit thinning should be carried out when the soybean grain is large, and the second time should be carried out when the fruit Hawthorn is large, which is the fixed fruit period. Bag immediately after setting the fruit. Bagging can improve the appearance of fruit, make the fruit smooth and beautiful, colorful, reduce the number of spraying, prevent pollution and increase the proportion of high-quality fruit.

8 temperature management

8.1 temperature management of precocious varieties

In early January, potted apples in Shenyang area have passed the period of natural dormancy, and the early-maturing potted apples which have been dormant are moved to the greenhouse. The highest temperature in the greenhouse is 10 ℃ during the day and 0 ℃ at night, and the temperature can be increased by 1 / 2 ℃ per day. The highest temperature before flowering is not more than 20 ℃, and the flowering temperature is best controlled at 17-18 ℃. The flowering period is generally about 10 days, and the temperature increases gradually after fruit setting. It is suitable for 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, and the highest is not more than 30 ℃. High temperature of 35 ℃ is harmful to many plants, so high temperature should be avoided. The temperature difference between day and night is 10: 15 ℃. When open-field apple trees have a large number of new leaves, greenhouse potted apples can be ventilated and roll up plastic during the day. The plastic was removed after 5 to 7 days, and the temperature was the same as that of the apple in the open field.

8.2 late maturing variety late training (extended leaf growth)

Late ripening big fruit type "Hanfu" and other apples, by delaying flowering in the first year, the fruit ripening period can only be delayed to mid-November or early December. The method is: keep the soil moist in the flowerpot before picking fruit, keep the temperature above 10 ℃, keep the leaves from falling off, even if the fruit is removed, let the leaves continue to grow, until the leaves fall off before dormancy. When the extended leaves grow for at least half a month every year for 2 ~ 3 years, the maturity of late-maturing varieties can be delayed after New Year's Day. The later the late-maturing variety is, the more popular it is, and the higher the economic benefit is.

9 Prevention and control of major diseases and insect pests

9.1 Apple rot

Give priority to prevention, strictly prevent the freezing damage of trees, strictly prevent the sticky weight of nutritious soil and overwatering. Chemical control, looking for disease spots before tree germination, scraping the diseased tissue with a knife, wiping rotten diebiqing on the diseased scar, once a semimonthly, twice in total.

9.2 Apple ring disease

Prevention and control methods: strengthen production management, rational fertilization. Medicament control, spray 50% carbendazim 700 times liquid or Fuxing 800 times liquid in young fruit stage. Immediately after fruit harvest, it is stored in a low-temperature storage, generally under the condition of about 1 ℃, and the disease is less common.

9.3 insect pests

Aphids: spray 10% imidacloprid 2500 × 5000 times to prevent aphids before spreading leaves, and spray 1 times twice at the initial stage of fruit setting. After long-term observation, it was found that aphids could spray 3% acetamiprid 2000 × 3000 times or 40% aphid solution 1000 times.

Red spider: spray 3-5 °Be stone sulfur mixture before germination, after fruit setting and new shoot flourishing period, spray 2000 times of Nisolang or 2500 times of 20% mite when the temperature is high. When spraying, spray the medicine on the back of the leaves and require all the leaves of the tree to be sprayed. If you encounter other diseases and insect pests, you can follow the apple pest control methods produced in the open field.