The key techniques affecting rice yield: grain number, grain quality per panicle and effective panicle number.

The key techniques affecting rice yield: grain number, grain quality per panicle and effective panicle number.

1 key techniques of rice planting and cultivation

1.1 preparations for rice planting

1.1.1 selection of rice varieties

First of all, it is necessary to choose good rice varieties, because ordinary varieties can not be compared with superior rice varieties in terms of characteristics and rice quality. When selecting varieties, high quality varieties with strong tillering, lodging resistance, disease and insect resistance, high panicle rate, high seed setting rate and large panicle should be selected. At the same time, according to the actual situation of the planting area, including economic, production, ecological and cultivation conditions, we should select varieties according to local conditions, not simply look at the data indicators of varieties, but should determine the final rice varieties in accordance with the principle of suitable species and high quality varieties. For example, among the rice varieties planted in Jilin, there are high quality rice such as Jijing 83, Jijing 81, Jijing 88 and Changbai 25, among which Jijing 83 and Jijing 88 have been recognized as super rice varieties, but when selecting rice varieties, it should be selected according to the local situation.

1.1.2 Seedling bed preparation

Before raising seedlings, it is necessary to deal with the seedbed, which is suitable for the thick soil layer of sunny, flat and leeward, to level the land or fertile land, remove sundries and stones, and refine the soil as far as possible. the bed is made according to the width of about 1.5m, the depth of bedside ditch is about 30 cm, and the height of the chamber is about 15 cm. When farm manure is applied to the seedbed, the amount of farm manure used in the 667 m2 seedbed is about 1500 kg. It is best to reduce or increase the amount of fertilizer according to the local soil conditions, calcium fertilizer and potash fertilizer need to be mature before use, and the seedbed should be treated after fertilization to make it flat and fertile.

1.1.3 Rice seed treatment

After the selection of rice varieties, after a certain amount of treatment can be used. The treatment process mainly includes: first, drying the seeds and drying the seeds in the sun for 2 days, in order to kill the bacteria in the seed epidermis, stimulate the new energy of seed activity, and help the seeds germinate after sowing; the second is to soak the seeds with 3% concentration of carbendazim solution for 12 hours and then wash them with clean water; the third is to soak the seeds in clean water for 3 times / d for 3 days, and the fourth is to soak them in hot water of 55 ℃. Fifth, pack the seeds, it is best to use wet gunny bags, put in a constant temperature of 32 ℃. In general, it can sprout in 24 hours, and when the temperature of rice is controlled at about 20 ℃ after sprouting, then sprout and sow.

1.1.4 consolidation of paddy fields

Because the rice fields have to be sorted out before they can be put into the seedlings. Usually, after the rice harvest, the rice is ploughed, the rice residue is turned into the soil, and the next crop is ploughed and raked again, this time it is mainly fine ploughing, leveling the surface of the field and ensuring that the water depth of the whole rice field is the same when irrigated. In this process, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer and other formula fertilizers can be used for 40 kg and urea for 8 kg.

1.2 sowing and transplanting work

After rice sowing, it is necessary to manage the seedbed again, remove weeds, do a good job in fertilizer and water management, and keep the seedbed moist all the time. When rice grows to 2 leaves, it is necessary to control moisture and humidity, mainly to prevent diseases; at this stage, fertilizers should be properly supplemented to strengthen seedlings, pay attention to diseases and insect pests, and timely prevention and control of diseases and insect pests are found to prevent the expansion of the area of diseases and insect pests from being brought into the paddy field. affect the normal growth of rice.

If the seedling is raised in dry land, the root system of the seedling is well developed and can be transplanted early. If the rice seedlings are raised in paddy fields, the transplanting time can be delayed appropriately. The transplanting time is mainly small and medium-sized seedlings, and the seedling age is about one month. When the seedlings grow to five or six leaves, it is the best time not to transplant large seedlings, because the root system of large seedlings is too developed, transplanting will affect the integrity of the root system. Pay attention to the transplanting density, the interval should not be too large, the normal and reasonable density is to ensure that rice can carry out photosynthesis and make use of soil fertility, so that the development and growth of single seedling is normal, and the best row spacing is more than 20 cm, hole spacing 9 cm, and 2 seedlings per clump. Also pay attention to the quality of transplanting, in order to promote the early tillering of rice, it is necessary to adopt the way of shallow planting. The main function shows that the sun can radiate to the topsoil layer, and the oxygen temperature is heavy enough, which can help the growth and development of rice roots and strive for early tillering into panicles. In the actual transplanting process, there are throwing seedling type, box type strip planting, double row strip planting and so on, but at present, mechanical transplanting is more used, strip planting is mostly, and the growth of seedlings is better.

1.3 Field management

1.3.1 additional fertilization

In order for seedlings to grow and develop rapidly, sufficient nutrients are needed; at the same time, attention should be paid to scientific and reasonable fertilization, combined with different growth periods and fertilizer characteristics of rice, and seedling fertilizer is usually used 10 days after transplanting. About 30% of the total fertilizer, fertilization in this period is to promote rice tillering. Fertilization at booting stage is mainly to ensure the seed setting rate of rice, accumulate dry matter of rice, and achieve the effect of full grain. In general, 20 kg superphosphate, 1.5 kg zinc sulfate and 15 kg urea are used in 667m2 field, and ordinary fertilization can be used.

1.3.2 Irrigation

Deep-water irrigation should be carried out to help rice turn green during the green period. From booting stage to full heading stage, phreatic irrigation is maintained and soil and water is moist. Shallow water is also needed to promote tillering at the tillering stage. After tillering, it is necessary to control tillers in order to enhance permeability, reduce ineffective tillers and ensure the healthy growth of rice. The yellow ripening stage of rice needs drainage to dry the field, which is conducive to rice ripening; the field had better be anhydrous when harvesting, so as not to affect the quality of rice.

1.3.3 Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

As multiple crops of diseases and insect pests, diseases and insect pests are mainly based on prevention, supplemented by management, combined with the actual occurrence of diseases and insect pests, physical, agricultural and chemical control.