The essentials of composting and the judgment of maturity

Temperature control: In the composting process, the initial temperature rises rapidly to above 6 ° C, which can kill pests and weed seeds, etc., and then naturally cools to 4 ° C to 5 ° C. At this time, it can be used to propagate beneficial microorganisms. Factors contributing to temperature fluctuations include:

1. Moisture adjustment: the amount of moisture, can affect the temperature rise and fall, the right amount of moisture, can make the compost temperature rise, but too much moisture will cause anaerobic state and reduce the temperature, too much moisture can be filled with dolomite powder, dry coarse chaff charcoal, zeolite powder, coarse chaff powder, dry sawdust, mushroom manure (mushroom culture material), and increase the number of turns.

2. Over-ventilation: when using blast furnace to pump air to promote aerobic fermentation, if the moisture is sufficient and pumped, the temperature will rise, and when the temperature is too high, it is easy to denitrogenize and stink, and even burn charring, so it should be reduced to adjust.

3. C/N ratio and its timeliness; when the crude fiber content is mostly high, the fermentation is slow and the temperature is too low. At this time, high nitrogen materials such as chicken manure, soybean flour, fish meal, distiller's grains, urea, sulfur and so on can be added to increase the temperature. If the temperature still cannot rise after the addition of high-nitrogen materials, pay attention to whether the moisture and air supply is correct. If the temperature still does not rise, it is necessary to add molasses and starch, which are easy to decompose, to make up for the shortcomings of slow decomposition of crude fiber.

4. PH: PH 5.5 - 8.0 are all passed through compost fermentation. Too low a pH will cause the temperature to drop. The pH value of compost usually decreases at the beginning and then gradually increases to neutral or slightly alkaline. PH value is too low can add a small amount of lime, oyster shell powder, coarse bran smoke charcoal, silica slag, dolomite powder and so on.

b. Deamination treatment: too high pH value (PH8 or above) will cause deamination phenomenon, but the reasons for compost fermentation to produce deamination are usually:

1 . Carbon source supply is not timely: microorganisms use the decomposition of carbohydrates to obtain energy to synthesize nitrogen into amino acids as raw materials for "protein synthesis". When the C/N ratio is too low or the decomposition of carbon sources is too slow (e.g. lignocellulose), the microorganisms cannot obtain enough energy to convert nitrogen compounds (ammonia compounds) into organic compounds.

Organic nutrition, so that a large number of nitrogen source residues and destruction of ammonia, at this time should add molasses, starch, to provide urgently needed carbon source, in order to digest the excess nitrogen source in time to prevent the continuation of the ammonia phenomenon.

2. Decomposition speed is too fast: in the case of excessive moisture or air, fermentation is vigorous, when the temperature rises more than 60 degrees, the decomposition speed of organic matter is too fast, and the phenomenon of deamination will also occur. At this time, the pumping should be stopped, water should be added at the same time, zeolite powder should be added and the pile should be turned frequently.

3. The microbial phase is not ideal: beneficial soil microorganisms can effectively use nitrogen sources to convert stable organic fertilizer, and can appropriately use it to synthesize and retain in the bacteria, avoiding the decomposition of excess organic matter and soil degradation. Microorganisms (nitrobacteria, photosynthetic fungi) can also use ammonia to produce nitrate nitrogen and sulfuric acid

Ammonia, etc., for plant absorption, so in case of deamination phenomenon, in addition to the above-mentioned carbon-nitrogen ratio, moisture, air, fermentation speed and other countermeasures, the most important thing is to supplement a large number of beneficial microorganisms.

Judgment of maturity:

1. Temperature: compost water wetting, the whole package placed for two days, mature, no longer fever or only lukewarm.

2. Odor: After wetting with water (about 60%) for three days, the ripe one should have no odor.

3. pH: mature compost is close to neutral or slightly alkaline.

4. During the fermentation process, sample and test the C/N ratio.