Rice cultivation: Rice cultivation and management techniques, rice fertilization methods and dosage

Fertilizer Management of Organic cultivation of Rice

1. Fertilizer management is an important part of rice cultivation, and the fertilizer management of organic cultivation is mainly the application of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer, but improper application of organic fertilizer will often lead to poor growth of rice, such as insufficient application of organic fertilizer. Rice will show the symptoms of nutrient deficiency, especially nitrogen deficiency, rice leaves turn yellow due to low chlorophyll content, narrow leaves, few tillers, dwarf plants and weak growth. The yield decreases, but if the application of organic fertilizer is too much, rice will show signs of excess nutrition, especially if the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is too high, the leaves of rice will become thick green because of the high content of chlorophyll, but the stems, leaves and branches are weak, easy to get rice fever and more green rice. yield and quality decreased.

Therefore, proper fertilizer management is one of the elements for the success of rice organic cultivation. In addition, the fertilizer management of organic cultivation of rice can avoid soil salt accumulation and hardening, and increase soil aggregate structure, soil ventilation, soil fertility and water retention, soil microorganisms and soil buffer capacity. under the good aggregate structure, the soil becomes a reservoir of all kinds of nutrients, which can be recycled, improve the effect of fertilization and reduce soil erosion.

In other words, in the fertilizer management of rice organic cultivation, attention should be paid to the correct use of organic fertilizers in order to achieve the cycle of soil nutrients and energy, while in the natural ecosystem, the decomposition and reduction of organic matter depends on the role of microorganisms to purify the soil. cultivate healthy soil in order to maximize production function.

II. Diagnosis of soil characteristics

The characteristics of soil affecting rice growth include pH, texture, drainage, hard disk, organic matter content, available nutrient content, soil thickness, slope, etc., which should be investigated and diagnosed first, and the soil management methods should be adjusted according to its characteristics. You should not only know how to use fertilizer, otherwise it will not be easy to get the effect. For example, in terms of acidity and alkalinity, rice needs a pH value of 5.0 to 7.0 in order to grow well, and if it cannot reach this range, lime can be used to adjust it. In this way, not only can the application of fertilizer be effective, but at the same time, in this environment, the growth of rice is normal, and the diseases, especially soil derivatives, are significantly reduced. If the pH is not adjusted, only three-element fertilizer is emphasized. It is difficult to achieve the effect of fattening.

Third, select the type of fertilizer and its application amount, including the utilization of animal husbandry waste, industrial waste and by-products and other organic matter.

1. Livestock wastes:

Cow dung:

The inorganic nutrients of cow manure varied with different feeds. The carbon content of concentrate feed was higher than that of green feed, and the carbon content of cow manure was lower. The application of 10-12 metric tons per hectare was the source of nitrogen and potassium in the middle and later stages of rice growth.

Pig manure:

Most of the nitrogen in pig manure is organic nitrogen, which needs to be mineralized to become inorganic nitrogen, such as ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, which can be absorbed by rice. Because the ratio of carbon to nitrogen is about 8.4, mineralization can be carried out quite easily, applying 810 metric tons per hectare. The rate of decomposition and fertilizer supply is medium, which can be used for the absorption of nutrients needed in the middle and later stages of rice growth.

Chicken dung:

Chicken manure contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphoric anhydride and potassium oxide, so it is not appropriate to apply it directly. if the proportion of the three elements can be adjusted and mixed to produce slowly available organic fertilizer, it will be more beneficial to the growth of rice, with the application of 4-5 metric tons per hectares. it is the main source of the three elements of rice growth in the early and middle stages.

2. Utilization of industrial wastes and by-products:

Silicic acid slag:

Silicic acid can mainly improve the leaf morphology of rice to enhance the efficiency of photosynthesis, promote the absorption of phosphorus in phosphorus-deficient soil and the transfer of phosphorus in plants, and enhance the oxidizing power of rice roots to reduce the damage of organic acid and hydrogen sulfide. 2-3 metric tons per hectare are applied in fields with soil available silicon content less than 40 ppm. Because it contains 23% silicon oxide and 37% calcium oxide, it can provide calcium and silicon for rice plants and make leaves stand upright. Increase the rate of photosynthetic cooperation, enhance the resistance of rice plants to lodging and resistance to rice fever and bacterial blight.

Oil meal:

Oil meal is rich in organic matter and nitrogen, and contains phosphoric anhydride, potassium oxide and various trace elements, generally containing 75% 85% of organic matter, 2% of nitrogen, 3% of phosphoric anhydride and 2% of potassium oxide. It is a kind of quick-acting organic fertilizer. 300 kg / ha, it can provide rice base fertilizer or other organic materials containing lignocellulose, which can be used as organic fertilizer after accumulation and fermentation.

Husk:

The rice husk is a by-product of the rice mill, with a high silicon content of 15,19%. Applying 15,30 metric tons of silicon dioxide per hectare to the paddy field can not only loosen the soil, improve the soil physical properties, and is beneficial to the development of the root system, but also increase the silicon content of rice to increase the yield of rice.

Distillery residue:

The inorganic nutrient content of the waste residue of the winery is very high, and it can become a good organic fertilizer by stacking fermentation. For example, the distiller's grains mud of the Ilan winery contains 1.5% nitrogen, and the application of 810 metric tons per hectare can increase the yield of rice.

IV. Period and proportion of fertilizer application

The application period and proportion of organic fertilizer were 80% for base fertilizer and 20% for topdressing, and the total amount of silicic acid slag was used as base fertilizer, and it was applied again after an interval of 1 to 2 years.

Fifth, bury straw

During the previous rice harvest, straw chopping equipment was attached to the combine harvester. The rice straw was cut into 6cm and scattered evenly in the field (it is estimated that the rice straw was about 43.5 metric tons per hectare). After 2 or 3 days of exposure, in the dry field state, and then mixed into the soil with a rotary plow to increase soil organic matter.

VI. Planting green manure

Planting green manure crops in rice fields during leisure is the most economical and effective soil fertilizer management, planting sesbania after harvest in the first stage and legume green manure (green pea bean, black bean, purple manure) or rape after harvest in the second stage. Most green manure crops can symbiosis with soil microorganisms, fix free nitrogen in the air, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen during burial is low. it is a kind of nitrogen source with considerable potential efficiency, and it is an excellent material for organic cultivation and management of rice.

VII. Conclusion

The fertilizer management of rice organic cultivation involves nutritional requirements, soil characteristics and organic material characteristics. All nutrients must be decomposed by fermentation and released from complex organic compounds. The process is affected by the properties of the material itself, soil physical, chemical and biological properties. At the same time, some organic fertilizers contain low nutrients for rice growth, bulky volume, and high freight and application costs, so choose appropriate organic fertilizers, plant green manure, and return to the use of crop residues and animal excreta, in order to meet the dual objectives of economic production and waste disposal of rice, is the most appropriate fertilizer management for organic cultivation of rice.