The Ministry of Agriculture issued technical guidance on winter rape production in 2014 and 2015

Oil expert guidance Group of the Ministry of Agriculture

National Agricultural Technology extension Service Center

This year's summer harvest of rapeseed continues to increase production and hit an all-time high. The meteorological department predicts that under the influence of the El Nino event, low temperature and overcast rain may occur in the Yangtze River basin in autumn, and the harvest of rice in the previous crop will be delayed, which will adversely affect the suitable time for sowing and planting of rape. In order to earnestly grasp the implementation of key technical measures for rape disaster prevention and reduction, and make every effort to win a bumper harvest of rape next year, the Oil expert guidance Group of the Ministry of Agriculture, together with the National Agricultural Technology extension Service Center, studied and put forward technical guidance for rape production in winter 2014 and 2015.

First, select suitable varieties and popularize the technical model of high yield and high efficiency

Combined with resource conditions, planting system and production practice, all localities should select new varieties of "double low and three high" (low erucic acid and low glucosinolates, high yield, high efficiency and high resistance) according to local conditions. matching high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques, such as ploughing and direct seeding, ditching and sowing, seedling transplanting, and so on. In the two-cropping area, the mid-mature varieties with resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, waterlogging, close planting and lodging should be selected if the technical models of mechanical direct seeding of rice oil, ditching sowing of rice oil and interplanting in dry land (direct seeding) are adopted, and the middle (late) mature varieties with resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, lodging resistance, strong ontogeny and super high yield should be selected if interplanting in cotton field and transplanting in rice field. In the area of rice-rice-oil triple cropping system, the early-maturing varieties with resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, lodging, cold tolerance and not early bolting and early flowering should be selected for direct seeding, and the mid-early maturing varieties should be selected for seedling transplanting. In view of the trend of high frequency and serious harm of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in recent years, attention should be paid to the selection of rape varieties with low susceptibility to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and higher resistance level to prevent the occurrence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Second, increase sowing density, grab soil moisture and sow early to protect the whole seedling.

Early sowing and increasing density of winter rape in the Yangtze River basin is the key to achieve high yield. Due to the postponement of the growth period of rice in the previous crop, it is necessary to do a good job of rape for soil moisture, sowing and planting early, and strive to sow the whole seedling. Two-cropping direct seeding rape, after the previous rice and other crops were harvested, generally adopted the methods of mechanized joint sowing, ditching no-tillage direct seeding or machine ploughing artificial sowing from September 20 to October 15 to rush to sow when the soil moisture was suitable, with a sowing rate of 250-300 grams per mu and a density of about 30,000 plants per mu. When the soil moisture is not good, irrigate once after sowing to ensure that one sow the whole seedling. The land with delayed sowing date and poor soil moisture should increase the sowing rate by about 20%. For double cropping transplanting rape, the best seedling raising period and transplanting period are around mid-September and mid-October respectively, and the ratio of seedling bed to Honda is 1:6. Generally, the sowing rate of seedling bed is 500,600g per mu, and "one hole and two plants" can be adopted when transplanting. ensure the planting density of 6000-8000 plants per mu in the field. For rice-rice-oil three-cropping early-maturing rapeseed, direct seeding usually takes place after late rice harvest in late October, sowing by mechanical joint sowing, mechanical ditching direct seeding or less no-tillage direct seeding, the sowing amount per mu is 300-400 grams, and the density is more than 40,000 plants per mu; for seedlings and transplanting, the seedling raising time can be about one week later than that of middle-maturing rapeseed varieties, and transplant in time after late rice harvest.

Third, strengthen field management and do a good job in the prevention and control of diseases, insect pests and weeds

We should attach great importance to the comprehensive control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and reduce the harm of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by strengthening field management on the basis of selecting resistant varieties. One is to open three trenches well. Rapeseed in the Yangtze River basin is prone to waterlogging, which will aggravate the occurrence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. When sowing and planting, the waist ditch, chamber ditch and enclosure ditch should be opened and cleaned in time to keep the three ditches unblocked. Second, and the time to fix the seedling. The strip sowing method of direct seeding rape is recommended. Artificial sowing generally determines the seedlings after the 2-3 leaf stage to prevent the occurrence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum disease due to high density and poor ventilation. Mechanical precision direct seeding does not need to be fixed between seedlings. Third, continue to promote "one promotion and four defenses". The early flowering stage is the best time to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and fruiting, generally mixing 40% sclerotia net wettable powder or 100 grams of prochloraz + 100 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 50 grams of available boron per mu, motorized sprayer (15kg water) or manual sprayer (30kg water). In addition, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of grass and insect pests at seedling stage. Seedling transplanting rape before transplanting, direct seeding rape before sowing, 50% Acetochlor EC 50-75 grams per mu with water 50 kg spray closed weeding. Weeds in seedling stage can be treated with selective herbicides such as quizalofop, Shuangzhu and Youcao Shuangg. Rape is also vulnerable to quenching disease, cabbage worm and underground pests at seedling stage, which should be controlled in time before 3-leaf stage. Quenching disease can be sprayed on seedlings and soil with 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times, and cabbage worm can be controlled with 3% acetamiprid EC 1000 times or 12.5% cyhalothrin suspension 10000 times.

Fourth, apply fertilizer scientifically to promote the steady growth of plants.

It is necessary to strengthen the regulation and control of fertilizer and water, cultivate strong seedlings and ensure safe overwintering. According to the growth characteristics and fertilizer demand characteristics of rape, base fertilizer, scientific topdressing and boron fertilizer should be re-applied, and special slow-release formula fertilizer for rape should be recommended. Transplanting rape can apply 10-12 kg of pure nitrogen (N), 3-4 kg of phosphorus (P2O5), 3-5 kg of potassium (K2O) and 0.75 kg of borax per mu, of which 60% nitrogen fertilizer, 60% potassium fertilizer and all boron fertilizer are used as base fertilizer, and the other 20%, 20%, 30% nitrogen fertilizer and 40% potash fertilizer are used as overwintering seedling fertilizer, 10%, 20% nitrogen fertilizer and 40% potash fertilizer. Direct seeding rape can apply pure nitrogen (N) 9-11kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 3-4kg, potassium (K2O) 4-5kg, borax 0.75kg per mu, of which 50% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 20% as seedling fertilizer, 20% as overwintering seedling fertilizer, 10% as bolting fertilizer, 80% potash fertilizer as base fertilizer, 20% as overwintering seedling fertilizer, and phosphate fertilizer and boron fertilizer as base fertilizer. For overgrown rape, 30-40 grams of 15% paclobutrazol per mu can be sprayed with 40 kilograms of water to promote growth and improve the ability of rape to resist freezing.

V. agronomic integration of agricultural machinery to promote the whole process of mechanized production

Vigorously promote the demonstration and popularization of the whole mechanized production technology of rape, integrate the core technologies such as soil moisture management, mechanized varieties, increasing planting density, slow and controlled release of total nutrition, one-time fertilization, combined mechanical sowing, closed weeding before budding, "one promotion and four prevention", mechanical harvesting, rapid decomposition of straw (sclerotia) and so on. Explore new mechanized and large-scale production modes such as winter idle cultivated land transfer and agricultural machinery professional cooperative services, and constantly improve the arrival rate and popularization rate of rape mechanization production technology. General varieties adopt two-stage harvesting techniques of mechanical (or manual) cutting and threshing. When more than 80% of the pods in the field are loquat yellow, rape is cut down by rape cutting machine (or manual). After drying in the field for 5-7 days, pick up and thresh with a self-propelled thresher. Varieties with good anti-cracking angle, suitable plant height, upright plant, neat pod layer and good maturity consistency can be harvested with a rape combine harvester when more than 90% of the pods are loquat yellow and when the grain water content is 15%. After harvest, it is necessary to dry the rape to less than 12% of the water in fine weather to ensure safe storage.