Discussion on the way of Agricultural Transformation in China

The core of the issue of agriculture, rural areas and farmers is the problem of farmers, and the core of the problem of farmers is the issue of empowerment. Since the reform and opening up, Chinese farmers have gradually got rid of the embarrassment of "power poverty", and their legitimate rights and interests have been protected one after another. Today, the "right to choose the mode of operation", which is not a problem, has become a major and urgent problem, which is related to the success or failure of agriculture.

Lessons learned from the past: following the example of the collective farms of the Soviet Union, the historical lessons of the people's communes are painful.

At the beginning of the founding of New China, the society made remarkable progress and the productive forces developed by leaps and bounds, but the passion of surpassing Britain to catch up with the United States and running into communism was constantly expanding, from agricultural production mutual aid groups to primary agricultural cooperatives, and then to advanced agricultural cooperatives. Simplify the realization form of public ownership to scale. Since 1958, the people's commune movement imitating the collective farms of the Soviet Union was popularized throughout the country like a storm, which not only deviated from the actual situation of the level of rural productive forces, but also violated the voluntary principle of farmers and blindly pursued speed and scale. it has caused serious losses to agriculture and farmers, and the national economy is on the verge of collapse. After 1962, the people's commune, as a system and organizational form, was fixed in the rural areas, and had a far-reaching impact on the rural areas and even the whole Chinese society in the following 20 years.

The management system of the integration of politics and society is a remarkable feature of the large commune. Without the guarantee of the integration of politics and society, the establishment and maintenance of the ownership of a large commune is inconceivable. The ownership of the commune coincides with the grass-roots political power of the government in the countryside, so the ownership of the commune has become an important content and appendage of the administrative power at the same level. Under such a system, the ownership of the commune constitutes an important basis for the integration of politics and society, which ensures and strengthens the ownership of the commune. The serious dependence of ownership on administrative power in the commune system makes the intervention of administrative power in economic life a matter of course. The reason why it can be maintained reluctantly for a long time is to rely on the coercion and protection of administrative power. The unity of government and society is the pillar of the commune system, and a strong, sound and developed administrative system is the lifeblood of the commune system.

The commune ownership of "one big and two public" which far exceeds the level of rural productivity in our country, the main driving force for its establishment comes from the encouragement and enforcement of administrative power. The man-made commune system not only violates the economic law, but also restricts the thinking and behavior of farmers, deprives farmers of their right of choice, strangles their creative spirit, and is difficult to mobilize the production enthusiasm of grass-roots units and farmers. therefore, it is bound to be punished by the law of social development, and the direct consequence is the great recession of agricultural production and severe famine. It was not until after the reform and opening up that farmers finally had the right to choose the mode of operation, and it was only from this that more than a billion Chinese people really cut off the intergenerational transmission of lack of food and clothing for thousands of years. With the surplus of agriculture, township enterprises flourished, which stimulated the reform of urban state-owned enterprises and gradually established the basic framework of socialist market economy.

Realistic dilemma: follow the example of American family farms, blindly greedy mode of operation hidden crisis

The aftermath of imitating the Soviet Union still lingers, and the heatwave of imitating beauty rises again and again. Today, some places introduce the "family farm" planting model of the United States with great enthusiasm, using mobilization, induction and even forced methods to promote large-scale land transfer. But for the vast rural areas of China, where there is little land and a large population, the land can only be moderately scaled.

In this context, rural land transfer has become the focus and focus of the whole society, and there are obvious misunderstandings, behavior deviation and interest induction behind the hot speculation. First, in terms of ideological understanding, we regard accelerating land circulation as an important way to promote urbanization, and equate large-scale operation of land with the construction of modern agriculture. According to the premise that "well-off farmers is to reduce farmers", some people have come to the conclusion that "large-scale management must be carried out to squeeze farmers out of the land to adapt to the process of urbanization" from a macro, theoretical and logical point of view. Second, in the way of behavior, we should follow the working methods of "unification" and "militarization" and pursue political achievements one-sidedly. In some places, in disregard of the wishes and interests of the masses, they unilaterally emphasize the interests of the transferee and adopt the way of administrative order to rigidly connive or force the resumption of land contracted by peasant households to "build large households." The third is to realize "supporting the city by township" and "making money by land" through the circulation of land under the guidance of interests. With the implementation of market-oriented transfer of non-agricultural construction land in cities and towns, the price of land transfer has risen sharply, but the compensation standard for collective requisition of land from farmers is still at a very low level, and the price of land transfer is much higher than that to farmers.

China's rural land transfer should be divided into three levels: the first level, which needs to be promoted by administrative force, can be called "administrative flow". To divide a household's contracted land of less than 10 mu into seven or eight pieces, how to synthesize one piece and realize the primary indoor circulation, which is impossible or good for each household, must rely on collective organization and unified action. At that time, it was subdivided by administrative power, but today we should also rely on the integration of administrative power, and on this basis, we can complete the registration and issuance of power. In this regard, Mengcheng, Anhui, Henan Civil Rights and other places have a lot of successful experience. At the second level, what needs to be driven by the market can be called "market flow". Under the background of completing the administrative integration of "one piece of land" and confirming the registration and issuance of rights, it is up to farmers to freely choose whether to cooperate, buy shares or rent according to the laws of the market. The Government should only provide good services and should not intervene forcibly. The third level, which needs to be promoted by law, can be called "legal flow". For example, mortgage, guarantee and trading are not allowed by the current law, and only on the premise of amending the Constitution, Land Management Law, property Law, Guaranty Law and other relevant laws can they be transferred in accordance with the law. At present, local governments should fully understand the original intention of the central government to promote land transfer and fully respect the choice of farmers. The first thing we should do is to grasp the "administrative flow" and make a solid "one field". We should not only focus on the "large-scale" enterprise scale, but disdain the "small-scale" family scale. We should not interfere with "market flow" and "legal flow" too enthusiastically, so that what should be done is not done well, and what should not be done is overdone. "administrative flow" is the basis of "market flow" and "legal flow". Only by doing a good job of "administrative flow" can we smoothly promote "market flow" and "legal flow", otherwise many hidden dangers will be buried. At the same time, in the process of land transfer, several problems must be dealt with: first, we should not ignore the reality of China and violate the economic law. Land circulation is related to the level of industrialization and urbanization, the level of agricultural productivity, the comprehensive quality of farmers, the speed of capital entering agriculture and so on. Second, we should not allow external forces to push forward and circulate. Let "paid voluntarily in accordance with the law" be truly implemented, and in particular, it is necessary to put an end to the behavior of forcing or inducing farmers to transfer land for the sake of political achievements. Third, farmers should not be deprived of their right to development. To ensure that the land farmers have lease income, the income from the improvement of the utilization rate of land resources, the income from employment, and the income from the industrial income increase of "projects, bases and farmers", leaving farmers a "living hole" to share the growth of benefits. Fourth, we should not leave contradictions and hidden dangers for future generations. It is necessary to solve not only the problem of "flow", but also the problem of "flow right", "flow smoothly" and "steady flow". Fifth, we should not allow the land expropriation system to be "discounted" or "shrunk". Guard against the "digital game" of cultivated land occupation and compensation balance, establish a comprehensive benefit evaluation and compensation mechanism for cultivated land occupation and compensation, and a grain production assessment mechanism for land replacement. Sixth, the establishment of agricultural land management access and exit system, the management of agricultural land should be limited, not everyone can encircle the land without producing benefits. Withdrawing from the operation shall not damage the soil power, otherwise it shall be compensated.

The logical goal of American agriculture is to pursue the maximization of labor output, while the logical goal of Chinese agriculture is to pursue the maximization of land output, and to transplant imagination with the American agricultural management model with less population and more land, so as to solve the practical problem of large population and little land in China. It can only bring the same consequences as those of the Soviet Union.

The road of development: give farmers full autonomy and take a road of modern agriculture that suits the national conditions and public opinion.

Throughout the more than 30 years of rural reform in China, almost all the experiences come from grass-roots creations, which only need to be discovered, recognized, summarized, sublimated and promoted, and then institutionalized and legalized. Therefore, Chinese agriculture must combine with China's reality, explore the essence of traditional agriculture, learn from the experience of modern agriculture, really give farmers the right to choose the mode of management, and fully activate their enthusiasm and creativity. use "historical patience" to take the road that has been formed under your own feet.

Modern agriculture is a concept put forward relative to traditional agriculture, which refers to a complete industrial system formed by the interaction between the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas and the upper, middle and lower reaches of the industrial chain. At present, the proportion of the processing industry with agricultural products as raw materials and the service industry serving agriculture is too low in the chain of modern agricultural industry in our country, so it is urgent to vigorously develop the processing industry of agricultural products and the service industry serving agriculture, and speed up the construction of a modern agricultural industrial system connecting the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas. Some people mistakenly equate modern agriculture with large-scale land management, which is very one-sided. First, the scale operation of land is only an issue in the rural primary industry, which is only a part of the modern agricultural system. Second, from the perspective of agricultural development in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, we can fully establish a developed modern agriculture on the basis of small-scale operation. Third, for China, a country with a large population and little land, we should not one-sidedly pursue the scale of operation, but should take the pursuit of land output rate as the preferred goal. Modern agriculture needs scale, but as far as China is concerned, what can be done on the scale is the scale of industrial layout and the scale of organization, service, industrial chain and planting and breeding industry which is suitable for factory production. Actively developing farmers' professional cooperative organizations, building a chain of integration of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in agriculture, and building a three-dimensional, efficient and intensive factory facility agriculture should be the key to realizing the scale of modern agriculture with Chinese characteristics.

Farmers are the leading force in Chinese agriculture. Subject modernization is the key to agricultural modernization. The reason why high efficiency produces low benefit lies in that the elements of traditional agriculture are not injected with modern elements, and the first of these elements is the lack of modern consciousness of the labor force. When farmers have modern consciousness, they will have modern demand; with modern demand, they will pull the market to provide modern supply; with modern supply, farmers will have modern ability; with modern ability, they will produce modern benefits. in order to achieve modern goals. Promoting agricultural modernization requires a stable and high-quality contingent of professional farmers. at present, we should do a good job in three major issues: first, to train and accumulate excellent agricultural talents. The second is to cultivate and strengthen peasant organizations. We should open our hands and feet to solve the problem of too few and too small peasant organizations, and strive to build a pluralistic governance structure in which peasant organizations, the market and society perform their respective duties, cooperate with each other, and check and balance each other. The third is to guide farmers to find their own professional positioning. We should give full play to the regulation and control function of the policy, correctly grasp the guidance of public opinion, guide farmers to flow rationally according to their own quality and actual needs, and help them make a rational choice of whether to be farmers or workers in the course of career differentiation. Try not to be migratory and amphibious marginal people.

No one knows himself better than the peasants, no one knows their choices better than the peasants, and no one is more responsible to them than the peasants. Only the farmers themselves know best whether the land should be planted, leased, owned, or cooperated. There should never be such a phenomenon: starting from the good vision of building modern agriculture, some places have carefully designed a system to strongly promote land transfer, but actually caused the consequences of harming the interests of farmers. At present, giving farmers the right to choose is far more important than inducing them to take the road.