A dialectical view of the entry of industrial and commercial capital into agriculture

To take the road of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics, ensure the effective supply of China's main agricultural products and food security, increase the income of agricultural workers and improve their well-being, we must cultivate and develop new agricultural management entities on the basis of stabilizing household contract management. Recently, the central government deliberated and passed the Opinions on Guiding the Orderly Circulation of Rural Land Management Rights to Develop Moderate Scale Agricultural Management, clearly putting forward the requirements for accelerating the cultivation of new agricultural management entities.

1. The household contract management system needs to be further stabilized and improved.

The core task of China's rural reform is to adhere to the household contract management system. This reform established peasant households as the main body of agricultural management, endowed peasants with long-term and guaranteed land use rights and management autonomy, and greatly mobilized the production enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of peasants. Decided by the characteristics of agriculture, family management has always been the basis and main body of agricultural production, which has been proved by the practice of agricultural development at home and abroad. From a practical point of view, family management combined with socialized services can accommodate different levels of agricultural productivity, adapt to both traditional agriculture and modern agriculture, have extensive adaptability and vigorous vitality, and there is no problem of changing family contract management after the productivity level is raised.

Under the situation of simultaneous development of industrialization, urbanization, informatization and agricultural modernization, household contract management is also facing new challenges. According to the data of the second national agricultural census, on average, each agricultural production and operation household can only manage 9.1 mu of cultivated land, and each agricultural employee can only manage 5.2 mu of cultivated land. In this way, if the net income per mu of cultivated land for one year after deducting the material cost is calculated as 500 yuan, the net income of an agricultural employee for one year is 2500 yuan, which is better than the income of working outside for one month. Obviously, such small-scale farmers cannot achieve the goal of increasing agricultural efficiency and increasing farmers 'income, nor can they ensure China's food security and make farmers' agricultural business a decent and respected profession. Family business is not the same as small-scale business. To reach a new level of agricultural production in China, we must appropriately expand the scale of management on the basis of stabilizing household contract management, vigorously cultivate new agricultural management subjects, improve agricultural labor productivity beyond the needs of individual workers on the basis of maintaining and improving land yield, and walk out of a road of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics.

II. Cultivate new agricultural management subjects on the basis of family management

China's rural areas are vast, natural conditions vary greatly, and economic development levels are uneven. This determines that China's new agricultural management entities will inevitably present a diversified and mixed development pattern. Large professional households, family farms, farmers 'professional cooperatives, leading agricultural enterprises and various social service organizations are all organic components of the new agricultural management entities. However, all kinds of new management entities are either developed on the basis of family management. Or with family-run farmers. There are now more than 200 million small farmers in rural China, and nearly 270 million rural laborers have been transferred to non-agricultural sectors to engage in non-agricultural industries. The principal means of production on which they subsisted was not land. Under the premise of law, voluntary and paid conditions, some farming experts will transfer the management rights of contracted land from rural population who have left the land and agriculture, expand the scale of operation, realize moderate scale operation and create an upgraded version of family management. At present, family farms with family members as the main labor force and agriculture as the main source of income, engaged in specialized and intensive agricultural production, are emerging. At present, the number of family farms in China has grown to 870,000, with an average scale of 200 mu. It is foreseeable that family farms will have further development in the future.

With the promotion of land circulation work, a number of farmers 'land stock cooperatives based on land circulation have been established one after another. This kind of exploration quantifies the contracted land of farmers into shares on the basis of land ownership to households, farmers form cooperatives with contracted land shares, develop agricultural scale operation through self-operation or entrusted operation, and distribute the income from operation according to shares. This organizational form makes the cooperative itself become an agricultural enterprise engaged in agricultural production with a certain scale, thus making the farmer become the owner (owner) of the enterprise, which not only realizes the scale management of agriculture and promotes the development of modern agriculture, but also avoids the negative impact that industrial and commercial capital enters agriculture and leases the contracted land of farmers on a large scale. This is a noteworthy model of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics, which may have guiding and exemplary characteristics.

In recent years, on the basis of household contract management in rural areas, producers and managers of similar agricultural products or providers and users of similar agricultural production and management services have voluntarily joined forces to establish various types of farmers 'professional cooperatives in accordance with the principle of democratic management. At present, the number of registered farmers 'professional cooperatives nationwide has reached 1,038,800, and 78.29 million farmers have joined cooperatives, driving farmers to reach 30.1% of the country's farmers. Farmers 'cooperatives are becoming modern agricultural management organizations that lead farmers to participate in market competition at home and abroad and drive farmers to enter the market. Farmers 'professional cooperatives, rural community collective economic organizations, various agricultural socialized service organizations and agricultural leading enterprises together constitute a diversified, multi-level and multi-form management service system for agricultural production, providing all-round services for family management, consolidating the foundation of agricultural basic management system and ensuring China's food security.

III. A Dialectical View on the Entry of Industrial and Commercial Capital into Agriculture

In the process of China's transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, industrial and commercial capital or social capital has entered the pre-production field (providing agricultural inputs) and the mid-production field of agriculture on the basis of household contract management The modes of "company (enterprise)+ farmer,""company (enterprise)+ base + farmer" and "order agriculture" in agricultural industrialization management reflect the practical exploration in this respect. For a long time, in the choice of agricultural modernization road and management mode, the focus of debate is how to treat the production process of industrial and commercial capital entering agriculture, the phenomenon of large-scale lease of contracted land of farmers and direct management of agriculture. The Decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put forward: "Encourage and guide industrial and commercial capital to develop modern farming suitable for enterprise management in rural areas, and import modern production factors and business models into agriculture." The Decision provides clear policy guidance for industrial and commercial capital to enter agriculture.

Industrial and commercial capital manages farming industry directly to want to handle the interest relation between good and broad small farmer above all. In developing modern agriculture, we should not ignore the basic agricultural situation that ordinary farmers still account for the majority of their contracted farmland. Industrial and commercial capital should drive farmers to develop modern agriculture, not replace farmers to develop modern agriculture; it should form a driving effect on farmers, not a crowding out effect. Industrial and commercial capital mainly enters the weak links of agricultural production and industrial development that farmers 'families and farmers' cooperatives cannot do or do well, such as developing fine seed breeding, high-standard facility agriculture, large-scale breeding and developing rural "four wastes" resources, etc. suitable for enterprise management, and pays attention to forming a close interest community with farmers to ensure that farmers 'families are the main body to promote the development of modern agriculture.

To curb the negative impact of industrial and commercial capital entering agriculture and prevent possible non-agricultural and non-grain trends, we must first establish a strict access system. All localities must have a clear upper limit on the long-term and large-area lease of farmland by industrial and commercial enterprises. We must implement graded filing according to the area, and establish and improve the qualification examination and project examination system. Secondly, it is necessary to establish a dynamic supervision system. Relevant departments should regularly supervise and inspect the agricultural operation ability, land use and risk prevention ability of leased land enterprises, check the land use and contract performance, and timely investigate and correct illegal behaviors such as wasting farmland resources and changing the use of farmland. Third, it is necessary to strengthen supervision afterwards, establish a risk guarantee fund system, prevent damage to farmers 'land rights and interests, and prevent contracted farmers from suffering losses due to default or poor management of the inflow party.

The development of large-scale market-oriented and commercialized agriculture needs to extend the agricultural industrial chain and promote the organic integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, which involves the index problem of non-agricultural construction land. The reasonable demands of industrial and commercial capital and other new agricultural management subjects after entering agriculture should be satisfied. Document No. 1 of the Central Committee in 2014 proposed: "A certain proportion of the national annual construction land index is dedicated to the construction of supporting facilities for new agricultural business entities", and this policy needs to be implemented by local governments. With regard to the direct entry of industrial and commercial capital into the field of agricultural production and the operation of large-scale leased land contracted by farmers, it is necessary to standardize the behavior of operators and protect their legitimate rights and interests. However, this mode should not become the mainstream of farmland management mode because of the fact that China has more people and less land.

In the future development of China's agriculture and rural areas, we should adhere to the basic position of family management in agriculture, promote innovation in various forms of agricultural management methods, vigorously cultivate and support diversified new agricultural management subjects, develop moderate agricultural scale management, and walk out of a road of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics.