Social Governance in the Process of Urbanization

Urbanization is a very complex process of economic and social development, accompanied by profound changes in economic form and social structure. After the reform and opening up, China has entered a period of rapid urbanization and industrialization transformation. After more than 30 years of development, the urbanization rate has increased from 17.92% at the beginning of reform and opening up to 53.73% in 2013. If we look at the simple urbanization rate, the average annual increase is about one percentage point, the speed of development can be said to be very fast, and the achievements are also very outstanding. However, from the specific content of urbanization, the development of urbanization is very uneven. For example, in the economic structure, industrial form, population agglomeration and other aspects, the development of urbanization is very fast; but in terms of public services, social security, governance and other aspects, the level of urbanization lags behind. So there is a view that if the 200 million migrant workers who live in cities are removed, China's real urbanization rate is only about 35%. Overall, it is an indisputable fact that more than half of China's population already works and lives in cities, no matter how it is measured or measured. The entry of a large population into the process of urbanization and industrialization in China has led to profound changes in social relations and social structure, accompanied by a profound transformation of governance concepts and mechanisms. To put it simply, it includes the following aspects:

First, social governance in the process of urbanization should adapt to the profound changes in social relations and social structure. The process of urbanization and industrialization is also a process of profound adjustment of social relations and social structure. The traditional agricultural society, social relations and social structure are relatively stable, belong to acquaintance civilization, or etiquette and custom society, the corresponding governance mechanism is also based on the characteristics and laws of acquaintance civilization, and there are many components of the rule of man, such as attaching importance to moral education and restraint, the gentry elite plays an important role in social governance. However, in the period of urbanization and industrialization, profound changes have taken place in social relations and social structure, and the civilization system has been transformed into a stranger civilization, or a legal society. Social governance needs to rely more on systems and rules, that is, the rule of law has become the foundation and core of social governance.

Second, it is necessary to establish a public service and social security system compatible with urbanization. With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, there is a huge demand for public services and social security. First, a large number of people and industries gather to the city, which needs to be supported by the corresponding public service system. Such as health care, education, transportation, environment and other aspects, it is necessary to establish a corresponding public service system to avoid the shortage of resources and traffic congestion that may be caused by population agglomeration. Second, there is a new demand for public services and social security because of changes in social relations and social structure. For example, in the traditional society, the family is an important carrier of the society and undertakes many social functions. However, during the period of urbanization and industrialization, the family structure has undergone profound changes, and there is a trend of family miniaturization and fewer children. many problems that can be solved by families and intergenerational help in the past have gradually become social problems. and create pressure and risks to social governance. For example, the care and care of the elderly living alone will become a common problem faced by the society. if a typical incident occurs, it will have a serious negative impact on the image of the government. Therefore, in the process of urbanization and industrialization, profound changes will take place in the social structure and division of labor system, families, clans and other social structures will weaken or disappear, and many functions separated from families or clans need to be undertaken by the government or society, thus creating new demand for public services and social security.

The third is to stimulate the vitality of social organizations and give full play to the function and role of social organizations in social governance. In the process of urbanization and industrialization in China, profound changes have taken place in the way of social organization, which poses an important challenge to social governance. The process of urbanization is also a process of profound transformation of economic and social system. In the period of planned economy, the city implemented the unit system, taking the unit as the main carrier to manage the society. With the gradual deepening of the reform of the market economic system, the traditional unit system has tended to disintegrate. Accordingly, the social governance system based on the unit system has basically disintegrated. This part of the function of social governance needs to be decomposed and undertaken by the government, the market and the society, and a large part of it needs to be undertaken by social forces. However, the development of social organizations in China lags behind, resulting in a large number of social members becoming decentralized and atomized social individuals after leaving the unit. Social governance needs to face a large number of decentralized social individuals, and the difficulty and cost of management are very high. Therefore, the decision on comprehensively deepening reform adopted at the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee proposed that social organizations should be encouraged to stimulate the vitality of social organizations and give full play to the role of social organizations, and public services and issues suitable for the provision of social organizations should be entrusted to social organizations. Through the implementation of the separation of government and society, promote social autonomy, and solve the problem of social governance in the process of urbanization.

In addition, although the governance of rural society does not belong to the category of urban social governance, it is closely related to urbanization and industrialization. Especially in the period of rapid urbanization and industrialization, a large number of young people enter the cities, which leads to serious problems in the population structure of rural areas, such as aging and hollowing out, and the lack of young talents in rural areas, which leads to poor governance mechanism at the grass-roots level. the governance ability of the government is also weak, and the stability and development of rural grass-roots society are facing many difficulties and pressures. Therefore, the governance of rural society should also be brought into the comprehensive consideration of urbanization and should be led by a new type of urbanization to promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas.

In a word, urbanization is a complex process of social development, which needs overall consideration and systematic arrangement. In early 2014, the state promulgated the National New urbanization Plan (2014-2020), which put forward the development concept of "people-oriented, synchronization of the four modernizations, optimal layout, ecological civilization and cultural inheritance". It puts forward macro, strategic and basic planning and deployment for the development of new urbanization and urban-rural integration. In particular, the concept of "people-oriented" is of great significance to guide and improve social governance in the process of urbanization. The new type of urbanization and urban-rural integration will pay more attention to the balanced development and comprehensive improvement of urbanization. The core of urbanization is people, and it is people's all-round development and progress, including not only the improvement of economic level and material conditions, but also the overall improvement of quality of life, fair security, development opportunities, happiness and so on.