Difficulties in Rural Social Governance

As an integral part of the overall national governance, rural social governance is an important factor in the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity. At present, with the continuous advancement of the process of urbanization, the state of relative isolation between urban and rural areas has been completely broken, and a large number of rural population has poured into the cities, bringing close exchanges between urban and rural areas. it not only bridges the development gap between urban and rural areas to a certain extent, but also effectively promotes the common understanding of the concept of modern social governance, and provides an important prerequisite for the combination of urban and rural areas. At the same time, it also makes the current rural social governance face unprecedented difficulties.

The net outflow of population leads to the weakening of the main body of rural social governance. Before the founding of New China, China's countryside was basically a closed area with a relatively stable population, that is, the so-called acquaintance society. In the acquaintance society, the governance mechanism with the clan system as the main body, supplemented by religion, ethics and village rules and regulations plays an important role in the effective governance of the rural society. After the reform and opening up, the emergence of large-scale urbanization has intensified the net outflow of rural population, including a large number of rural elites. According to the statistics of some scholars, the reduction in population size has reached 60% to 70% of the whole village population in some villages, which is generally more than 40%. The urbanization flow of rural economic and political elites leads to a shortage of capable governance personnel in rural areas; non-elite rural residents are originally an important participant in rural social governance and the basic support for rural elites to carry out social governance work. they pour into the city in large numbers, which makes rural residents show the characteristics of "386199", which on the whole weakens the governance ability of the main body of rural social governance.

The weakness of collective economy brings about the scarcity of rural social governance resources. There are mainly three ways to supply the necessary resources for rural social governance: first, the national fiscal and tax input. Although the state has increased its investment in rural governance resources year by year, it is still difficult to become the main body in most areas due to financial constraints. The second is collective economic input. At present, in most parts of our country, collective economic input is still the main way to obtain social governance resources. The third is donation. Donations may come from outbound rural elites, social organizations and related enterprises and institutions. At present, it is not universal, and the share of resource acquisition is relatively small in all ways.

Large-scale urbanization has led to the rapid development of urban economy and society in China, but due to the dual system, the rural collective economy has not been idealized. The main reasons are: the large-scale migration of population makes the development of rural collective economy lack of necessary human resources and concentrated consumer groups; based on efficiency, collective economy usually encounters the elimination of urban economy; the policy guidance of economies of scale and so on. At present, in most areas of our country, the development of rural collective economy is still weak, even blank. Take Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province as an example, there are 1536 villages in the city, the total collective economic income of the villages in 2006 is 151 million yuan, the average village income is 98700 yuan, there are 335 villages with zero collective economic income and heavy debts. Until 2011, the collective economy of 1536 villages in the city did not break zero, and there are still many villages whose collective economy is less than 100000 yuan. Based on the current reality that the overall rural collective economy in China is weak, it is difficult for most rural communities to obtain abundant social governance resources only by relying on state input, resulting in the weakness of "lack of resources" in rural social governance.

The fault of cultural transition brings the conflict of the concept of rural social governance. Under the deep impact of the market economy and the acceleration of the urbanization process, the new generation in the countryside has accepted more and more modern social culture, including political culture, which has brought about the intergenerational separation of the rural cultural tradition that has been inherited for thousands of years. The rural cultural tradition with Confucian ethics as the core is impacted by the concept of market equality, which presents the conflict of the concept of social governance between the new and old generations. The conservatives of traditional rural culture adhere to the authority of "clan", "Confucian ethics" and traditional habits in rural social governance, and take a negative attitude towards democratic politics and economic ideas. the new generation who accept the concept of equality between political democracy and market economy is seriously dissatisfied with the old traditional concepts such as "ethics", "patriarchal clan" and "order of growth and order", and advocate governing rural society in a more democratic and economically efficient rational way. The conflict between these two concepts of social governance is still common, especially in underdeveloped areas, and has become an important factor restricting the performance of rural social governance, and has also become a problem of value choice that the construction of modern governance system in our country has to face.

Corruption frequently weakens the legitimacy of rural social governance. Large-scale urbanization has led to the continuous expansion of the city scale and the emergence of a large number of urban villages and suburban villages. under the radiation of the city, these villages have absorbed more economic resources. it also brings the original motivation for the corruption of grass-roots social governance subjects such as township government, village-level grass-roots party organizations and villagers' committees. In the remote villages away from cities and towns, the problem of corruption is often plagued by the hollowing out of the population and the weakening of grass-roots government supervision. Data from the Supreme people's Procuratorate show that in 2009, procuratorial organs across the country put on file 8032 cases of embezzlement and bribery involving 10935 people, involving more than 1.34 billion yuan, and 2097 cases of malfeasance and tort involving 2692 people. In recent years, there has been an upward trend in terms of the number of cases, the amount of money involved and the number of personnel. The upsurge of corruption at the grass-roots level in the process of urbanization has led to the weakening of the legitimacy of the main body of rural governance and governance behavior.

In view of the new problems facing China's rural social governance, we must take various measures to attract the return of population and the introduction of talents, strengthen the ability of rural governance, strengthen the village collective economy and increase finance, and enhance the supply of rural governance resources. do a good job in the transition between traditional and modern culture, and eliminate the conflict of rural governance ideas. Effectively eliminate all kinds of frequent corruption at the grass-roots level, enhance the legitimacy of rural governance and other ways to strengthen rural social governance capacity, promote rural social governance, overall social governance, and even the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity.