The system basis and Governance Mechanism of Rural Land Stock Cooperatives

The emergence of rural land joint-stock cooperatives is the result of bottom-up induced institutional changes, and its institutional basis is the land joint-stock cooperative system. The governance mechanism of rural land cooperatives is related to all aspects, including shareholder formation and decision-making mechanism, reasonable establishment of equity governance mechanism, social risk prevention mechanism, member withdrawal mechanism and so on. Local rural land joint-stock cooperative is a form of rural economic cooperation organization, which is conducive to changing the mode of agricultural operation and implementing large-scale operation of science and technology-based agriculture. Its development trend is good, but it needs to be further improved. In order to carry out the rural land cooperative system, it is necessary to further improve the rural land property right structure and continuously enhance the integrity of rural land property rights while maintaining the integrity of rural land property rights, so as to better develop modern agriculture. take the road of science and technology-based agricultural development model.

I. the background, main types and institutional basis of rural land joint-stock cooperatives

1. The background and main types of rural land joint-stock cooperatives with the promotion of industrialization, urbanization, informationization and agricultural modernization in our country, a large number of rural labor force has been separated from agricultural production and transferred to secondary and tertiary industries. Agricultural aging, agricultural feminization and land abandonment are prominent, restricting agricultural production. In order to take the road of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics in the process of transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, it is necessary to strengthen the basic position of agriculture and promote the process of agricultural modernization. The land joint-stock cooperative system, which originated in the developed coastal areas, has well solved the contradiction between decentralized land management and agricultural modernization, household management and industrialization, small-scale production and large market. This new institutional arrangement is a great institutional innovation made by farmers in the process of marketization in China. The innovation of the management system of "land share cooperation and production professional contract" realizes large-scale operation through the cooperation of land, agricultural machinery and labor services. The problems of supervision and incentive in agricultural production have been solved through modern management methods such as professional contracting, clear responsibility and performance evaluation, which can be used for reference by some places with conditions. In fact, the rural land joint-stock cooperation is not new.

The innovation of land transfer mode or agricultural land system retains the core of household contract responsibility system and overcomes the limitations of administrative adjustment such as land subcontract and lease. The emergence and development of the joint-stock cooperative system and the concentration of land management rights scattered in the family to the joint-stock cooperative organizations undoubtedly have a profound impact on the internal right structure, technological progress and economies of scale of the rural microeconomic subjects. The cooperation of rural land shares emphasizes that farmers take the land contractual management right as their shares, and through the establishment of land share cooperatives, the land management right is transformed from physical form to value form by means of market. the implementation of the mechanism of quantification of equity and dividend per share to realize large-scale operation of land and centralized development is a new development of the separation of contract right and management right of household contract responsibility system. It is a kind of innovation and development of agricultural management system. According to the mode of shareholding, the scope of shareholding, the mode of operation and the mode of dividend, land share cooperatives can be divided into different types, including share distribution land share cooperatives, entrusted land share cooperatives and compound land share cooperatives. At present, in the process of changing the mode of agricultural development, constantly improving agricultural production conditions and vigorously developing modern agriculture must be based on large-scale operation of land and make full use of the advantages of land joint-stock cooperatives. We will vigorously develop agricultural intensive and large-scale management, improve agricultural industrialization and land productivity, promote agricultural efficiency and increase farmers' income. It will explore a new way for the construction of a new socialist countryside and the development of modern agriculture.

2. The institutional basis of rural land joint-stock cooperatives

Rural land cooperative, which originates from the creation of farmers, is a bottom-up induced institutional change, and its institutional basis lies in the land joint-stock cooperative system. The land joint-stock cooperative system is a transitional institutional arrangement under specific conditions. The system, especially the property right system that protects the legitimate interests of individuals, is one of the key factors of economic growth. A land rights and interests transfer system full of institutional vitality is an important guarantee for efficient land allocation. The system of land joint-stock cooperative is based on the land joint-stock cooperative system, and farmers put the price of land into shares, and its essence is to value farmers' contractual management rights. The evolution law of rural land use system follows the principle of decreasing endogenous transaction costs, while the joint ownership and closed governance of agricultural land joint-stock cooperative system will inevitably lead to higher endogenous transaction costs. The solution to this contradiction is to move towards shareholding system. Timely clarity of property rights structure, selection of governance contracts and innovation of distribution system are effective ways to reduce endogenous transaction costs and improve the performance of farmland joint-stock cooperative system in China. The reform experiment of rural land joint-stock cooperative system carried out in Nanhai, Guangdong and other places in the 1980s has developed on a certain scale in Jiangsu and other places, and some useful models such as Nanhai model and Kunshan model have emerged in the actual work. The land joint-stock cooperative system realizes the integration of organization and management in the form of demutualization and cooperation, meets the multiple needs of the community and decentralizes the market risk in the form of demutualization income distribution. on the basis of integration, the centralization of decision-making power has realized the maximum excavation and collective sharing of all kinds of potential benefits such as land value-added income. One of the achievements of the rural land joint-stock cooperative system is that after the farmers own the land, the collective interests of the cooperatives are connected with the individual interests of the farmers to form a joint force to promote the development of modern agriculture and improve the ability to resist natural disasters and market risks. at the same time, large-scale operation to form a new production base, reduce the cost of farmers to enter the market. The second performance of the rural land joint-stock cooperative system lies in that the institutional arrangement not only recognizes the income rights of farmers to land during agricultural use, but also ensures farmers' land value-added income after sharing land for non-agricultural use. it realizes the transition of farmers' land rights from natural form to capital form, promotes the rational circulation of land, and promotes the transfer of rural labor force and the joint development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. The establishment and practice of rural land joint-stock cooperatives is an important option for the reform and innovation of rural land system, for the protection of farmers' rights and interests to share land value-added benefits, and for the coordinated economic and social development of urban and rural areas.

II. The governance mechanism and development trend of rural land cooperatives

1. The governance mechanism of rural land cooperatives

The governance mechanism of rural land cooperatives is related to all aspects, including shareholder formation and decision-making mechanism, reasonable establishment of equity governance mechanism, social risk prevention mechanism, member withdrawal mechanism and so on. Rural land joint-stock cooperatives emphasize changing the mode of operation, taking the market as the orientation, taking the benefit as the goal, and implementing large-scale operation. As a kind of organizational and institutional innovation, farmland joint-stock cooperative system can produce external profits that the economic parties can not obtain under the current farmland system arrangement, but the contradictions contained in the rules of farmland joint-stock cooperative system may lead to the loss of efficiency. In practice, the imperfection of the rules of the farmland joint-stock cooperative system leads to the efficiency loss of the farmland joint-stock cooperative system, and the generation, development or decline of the farmland joint-stock cooperative system stems from the comparison between the external profit and the efficiency loss; to promote the formation and development of the farmland joint-stock cooperative system, we must strive to improve its external profits and reduce the loss of efficiency.

In the governance process of improving its external profits and reducing the loss of efficiency, the establishment of its collective equity makes the relatively scattered residual claim more concentrated, and the rural collective economic organization represents the collective equity owner. mastering part of the decentralized residual claim will effectively solve the problem of high management cost caused by the dispersion of equity to decision-making. At the same time, its strong position strives for bargaining power for weak minority shareholders, which helps to prevent immoral behaviors such as speculation of various operators, thus reducing endogenous transaction costs.