What does modern agriculture look like? 27 specific indicators in 7 categories are promoted in an orderly manner.

What is modern agriculture? Modern agriculture is a concept of agricultural development, which in essence is high output efficiency, product safety, resource saving and moderate scale. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish and improve the industrial system, support system and management system of modern agriculture. The National Modern Agricultural Development Plan lists 27 specific indicators in seven categories, and divides the country into three categories: key promotion areas, steady development areas and taking the lead in realizing areas. Modern agriculture is also a dynamic process of building traditional agriculture into an industry with remarkable economic social and ecological benefits.

Industrial system

Output high efficiency product safety

Modern agriculture should pursue standardized production. This is the fundamental way to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products and an important part of promoting the transformation and upgrading of agriculture.

From the cotton base in Xinjiang at the foot of Tianshan Mountain, to the endless natural rubber forest in Hainan, and then to the rice fields on fertile black land, high-horsepower agricultural machinery farming, agricultural aircraft spraying pesticides, and agricultural monitoring and dispatching systems, these advanced agricultural technologies, which were often used abroad in the past, are showing great power, depicting spectacular scenes of modern agriculture. According to statistics, at present, the contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological progress in China has reached 56%, the comprehensive mechanization level of crop cultivation and harvest has exceeded 60%, and the improved varieties of major crops have basically achieved full coverage.

But at present, China's agriculture is still far away from modern agriculture. The "bottleneck" of weak agricultural infrastructure still exists, the level of material and technical equipment is low, and the problem of "relying on nature for a living" has not been fundamentally solved. In terms of the rapid development of agricultural mechanization, only nine provinces in the country have a mechanization level of more than 70%. Among the "three staple grains," only wheat has achieved full mechanization, rice machine planting and corn machine harvest have increased slowly, and many links in the mechanization of cash crops such as sugarcane and cotton are still blank.

"enhance the ability of agricultural scientific and technological innovation, seize the commanding heights of the agricultural high-tech field, accelerate the integration of resources, strive to solve the problem of disconnection between scientific and technological innovation and agricultural production, actively develop the agricultural machinery equipment industry, and raise the level of agricultural mechanization in an all-round way." According to the relevant plans, about 300 national modern agricultural demonstration zones will be established at a high level throughout the country during the 12th five-year Plan period, and breakthroughs will be made around key points such as improving the level of modern agricultural facilities and equipment, the popularization and application of agricultural science and technology, and the quality and safety construction of agricultural products.

Modern agriculture is an agriculture of quality and safety. Consumers should not only eat well, but also eat safely and rest assured. As the mode of agricultural production is still extensive, the market order is not standardized, and moral integrity needs to be strengthened, the hidden dangers of the quality and safety of agricultural products still exist. Take animal husbandry as an example, the whole country consumes 220 million kilograms of meat and 77 million kilograms of eggs every day. From the perspective of production, the group of farmers is large, free breeding is still the majority, the production level is uneven, there are many links in the industrial chain, and the quality and safety traceability system is not perfect. Experts believe that special attention should be paid to four kinds of problems, such as excessive residues of agricultural and veterinary drugs, heavy metal pollution in producing areas, illegal addition of toxic and harmful substances, and fake and inferior agricultural materials.

Modern agriculture should pursue standardized production. This is the fundamental way to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products and an important part of promoting the transformation and upgrading of agriculture. It is necessary to continue to promote the standardized production of horticultural crops and standardized large-scale breeding of livestock and poultry, strengthen source control, standardize the production process, and strive to create a large number of standardized agricultural production bases and well-known brands of agricultural products.

Supporting system

Resource saving and environment friendly

To develop modern agriculture, we must first withdraw the production that exceeds the carrying capacity of resources and environment, improve the soil with declining soil fertility, and gradually repair and control the damaged ecological environment.

Resource constraints and environmental pressure are the two major obstacles to the current agricultural development. In recent years, agricultural production has maintained the mode of high input and high output, and cultivated land, water and other resources have been used with high intensity and overload for a long time. Only 30% of the farmland in China is high-yield farmland, and 40% of the cultivated land has the problem of degradation, the black soil layer in Northeast China becomes thinner, the soil in the South is acidified, the plough layer in North China Plain becomes shallow, and the problem of salinization of cultivated land in Northwest China is prominent. China's per capita fresh water is only 25% of the world average, and more than half of the cultivated land belongs to arid and semi-arid areas where water resources are scarce. 1/3 of the cultivated land is vulnerable to floods, and there are many debts for the construction of agricultural water conservancy facilities.

Agricultural production in many places is still extensive, polluting the environment and wasting resources, which has a lot of negative effects on the sustainable development of agriculture. At present, the area of cultivated land in China is less than 10% of the world's, but nearly 40% of the world's chemical fertilizers are used, resulting in a direct economic loss of more than 50 billion yuan every year through volatilization, leaching and other ways. The amount of pesticide used per unit area in China is 2.5 times of the world average.

Modern agriculture must be resource-saving and environment-friendly. To develop modern agriculture, we must first withdraw the production that exceeds the carrying capacity of resources and environment, improve the soil with declining soil fertility, and gradually repair and control the damaged ecological environment.

Since 2014, the state has carried out regional demonstrations on the resource utilization of straw, livestock and poultry manure and the recycling of farmland residual film, and the participating enterprises can enjoy the relevant fiscal and taxation policies. Central government funds support the pilot projects for comprehensive treatment of seriously over-exploited groundwater and the treatment and remediation of heavy metal pollution. Since the implementation of the soil testing formula fertilization subsidy project, the state has invested a total of 7.1 billion yuan, reached 2498 counties (farms), reduced unreasonable fertilization by more than 8.5 million tons, and promoted the promotion of scientific fertilization methods.

The second is to strengthen the treatment of outstanding problems in the agricultural environment, increase the intensity of soil and water control, appropriately reduce the intensity of the development and utilization of agricultural land, promote agricultural cost-saving and efficiency-increasing technologies, strictly control the abuse of agricultural inputs, and purify and repair the environment of agricultural products producing areas. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of the quality of cultivated land, strengthen the construction of pollution-free, green and organic food bases, and actively promote advanced and practical technologies such as ecological production and healthy breeding.

Zhejiang Province plans that within three years, chemical fertilizers and pesticides will not only have zero growth, but the application of nitrogen fertilizer will be reduced by 8%. In Hebei Province, the planting area of winter wheat irrigated by groundwater is properly reduced in the areas with serious over-exploitation of groundwater, and the system of double cropping per year is changed to that of one cropping per year.

Management system

Moderate scale and strong competitiveness

Adhere to the development direction of moderate scale operation, promote the orderly and standardized circulation of land management rights, especially to new operators, and improve economies of scale.

Modern agriculture must be an industry that adapts to market changes. Although China's new business entities are developing rapidly, small-scale operations still account for the majority, which limits the improvement of agricultural labor productivity. Although the market system of agricultural products in China has initially taken shape, farmers in many places are still growing according to habit, feeling, and following the trend, unable to get out of the annoyance cycle of "rising and falling".

The operation scale of less than half a hectare of land per household is obviously difficult to achieve high efficiency, and it is inevitable that the above problems will arise. This has become the consensus of more and more agricultural experts. It is estimated that the per capita agricultural added value of China's agricultural labor force in 2013 is only 64% of the world average. Due to the gap in scale operation, the cost of domestic agricultural production continued to rise, and the prices of major agricultural products such as grain, cotton, oil, sugar and meat showed an upside-down trend in 2014.

To adhere to the development direction of moderate scale operation, it is necessary to promote the orderly and standardized transfer of land management rights, especially to new business entities. To develop modern agriculture, we should start with the reform of agricultural management system, improve the quality of agricultural operators and the level of social service, promote the specialization, organization and socialization of agricultural production, and promote the transformation of traditional farmers to a new type of agricultural management.

Traditional agriculture is an industry with low added value, farmers only produce raw materials, agricultural products are sold more as raw materials, and the deep processing and utilization of agricultural products is still in the primary stage. Modern agriculture must be an industry based on resource endowment and give full play to its comparative advantages, and pay more attention to the benefits of agricultural production, from focusing only on output to paying equal attention to output, quality and efficiency.

In view of this, it is necessary to develop various functions of agriculture, vigorously develop leisure agriculture and "one village, one product", enhance the ecological value, leisure value and cultural value of agriculture, and strive to create "six industries" with the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. In accordance with the changes in market supply and demand and regional comparative advantages, it is necessary to adjust the whole industrial chain of scarce varieties, planting, cultivation, and marketing, expand the space for multi-functions and value-added efficiency in agriculture, and vigorously develop the processing, storage, and preservation of agricultural products.