Close planting and dwarfing shaping and pruning techniques for dwarfing potted plants of red plum and apricot

Close planting and dwarfing shaping and pruning techniques for dwarfing potted plants of red plum and apricot

Hongmei apricot, also known as Xinjiang apricot, has been introduced to Yuanzhou for 30 years. Because of its sweet taste, thick and crisp flesh and pleasant color, Hongmei apricot is widely loved by people and has a good market development prospect. Over the years, under the influence of the natural climate of frost in early spring and late spring, "nine freezes in ten years" in Yuanzhou District have seriously restricted the development of open-air cultivation of red plum and apricot. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to explore the cultivation techniques and measures of dwarf pot cultivation of red plum and apricot.

1 dwarfing technique of potted plant

Select the basin with mouth diameter 35~40cm, high 40~45cm, thick 0.3cm left and right, and mesh at the bottom of the side. A little slag was padded to the bottom of the basin, and then loaded with nutritious soil, which was mixed with fine sand, cultivation substrate and organic fertilizer at 10:10:1. Move the seedlings in, and the depth of the fill is about 5cm from the top of the basin. The facility is equipped with 600,800 pots per mu. Pruning and pressing branches were adopted. According to the growth situation, 600 × 700 times paclobutrazol solution was sprayed for 3 times with an interval of 10 days to control the tree height below 1.5m and the crown width 60~80cm.

2 promoting dormancy technology

① growth management. The management means of the combination of promotion and control were adopted to apply farm manure in the early stage (before the middle of June) to promote the vegetative growth of trees. Control vegetative growth in the later stage (after the first ten days of July), promote squatting seedlings by controlling water and fertilizer, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, control nitrogen fertilizer, speed up reproductive growth, and form full flower buds before defoliation. At the same time, shading or artificial leaf picking measures were taken to cover the sunshade, sunshade net or non-woven fabric in mid-July to gradually weaken and reduce the amount of light, control growth, promote deciduous leaves, or pick leaves properly under the premise of artificial cooling. ② growth regulator: after the middle of June, 300 × 600-fold paclobutrazol 1000ppm and Bijiu 1500~2500ppm were sprayed twice with an interval of 15 days to control the germination and growth of autumn shoots and precocious shoots. The concentration of abscisic acid in 1000ppm is sprayed a week before it is put into the cold storage in late August. ③ induced dormancy at low temperature. The temperature is gradually changed to low temperature to create a dormant low-temperature environment and induce to enter dormancy ahead of time. Buckle the shed in the solar greenhouse in early September, put down the thermal quilt during the day to prevent the hot air from entering, lift the thermal quilt at night to let the cold air in, and this lasts for a week, while the temperature in the freezer is set to 12 ℃. In the middle of September, the potted red plum apricot trees were moved to the cold storage and forced to go into dormancy. The temperature control in the cold storage was divided into two stages. The first stage was 5 days. The temperature in the cold storage was gradually reduced from 12 ℃ to 7.2 ℃ by using the temperature control facilities of the cold storage, and finally stabilized at 5 ℃ ~ 6 ℃. In the second stage, the cooling capacity of red plum and apricot dormancy was met by placing it for 40 to 60 days, and the humidity in the cold storage during the dormancy period was kept at about 50%.

3 dormancy breaking technology

In order to shorten the dormancy time, the potted red plum apricot was moved from the cold storage to the solar greenhouse in three batches from the middle of October to November 15 in order to meet the requirement of dormancy in the cold storage. to promote the potted red plum apricot to enter the growth period earlier. It will blossom and bear fruit in December of that year, and the fruit will mature in late March of the following year.

4 prolong dormancy technique

For red plum apricot dwarf potted seedlings overwintering in the open field, buckle the shed when the temperature exceeds 7 ℃ in March in spring, put down the thermal insulation quilt during the day, prevent the hot air from entering, lift the thermal insulation quilt at night, let the cold air in, make the temperature no more than 7 ℃, prolong the dormancy time, so as to go to the shed after mid-late April, enter the natural growth, delay flowering and fruit ripening, and appear on the market in August.

5 dwarfing shaping and pruning technique

Summer pruning: pruning measures include wiping buds, thinning branches, pulling branches and opening corners. When the branches grow to 3~5cm, there are many latent buds and bud germination on erect branches, which should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption. For the strong branches with erect growth and obvious top dominance, when the new shoots grow to 20cm, leave 5~8cm to pick the heart, control the branches to grow, and make the crown compact. The branches with small branch angle are pulled and angled. Winter pruning: the tree is shaped like a girl, a column, a fine spindle and so on. Fix the branch by the branch, the fruit by the branch, and the bud by the fruit. In pruning, according to the principle of numerous and sparse strong branches and sparse weak branches, disease and insect branches, dense branches and overgrown branches were removed and truncated, and the middle branches with good growth and development in a year were cut short from the middle and lower parts of the branches to control the outward movement of the fruit parts.

6 benefit analysis

6.1 Economic benefits

The implementation of this project will effectively solve the problems such as low fruit setting rate, unstable yield, low excellent fruit rate and low economic benefits caused by late frost of red plum apricot. The yield per plant of dwarfing potted red plum apricot reached 3.5kg in the third year. According to the calculation of 40 yuan / kg, the total output value of the project reached 630000 yuan, which promoted the transformation of facility fruit tree cultivation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, improved the cultivation technology and quality level of facility fruit trees, improved the economic benefit per unit area and increased farmers' income.

6.2 Ecological benefits

After the completion of the project, with the continuous promotion of the project, it can not only cause the adjustment of the local planting structure, rapidly expand the planting area of facility apricot industry, increase farmers' income, but also increase forest coverage. play a role in preventing wind and fixing sand, preventing land desertification, improving the ecological environment, and strengthening resistance to natural disasters.

6.3 Social benefits

The close planting of dwarfing pot cultivation facilities of red plum apricot promotes the research, demonstration and popularization of cultivation techniques, which provides technical support for the scientific cultivation of red plum apricot and facility cultivation, and meets the needs of people to eat red plum apricot fresh in the back season. The establishment of the demonstration site of the project has played an exemplary role in the high-yield and high-quality cultivation of red plum apricot in our district and its surrounding areas, and promoted the healthy development of apricot industry.