The Institutional path of the supply of inclusive Rural Public goods

Rural public goods are non-competitive and non-exclusive products that individual farmers or families cannot afford and are mainly provided by the government and other public forces. including rural public infrastructure, irrigation and water conservancy infrastructure, agricultural science and technology, ecological environment protection, basic education, medical and health, social security and so on. At present, there are still many problems in the supply of rural public goods in China in terms of subject structure, decision-making mechanism and income distribution, such as the lack of effective matching and complementarity among multiple suppliers, repeated supply and supply vacancy and other mismatches are common, which violates the fair principle of the supply of rural public goods and harms the efficiency of supply. Rural public goods are of great significance for improving farmers' production and living standards, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, and realizing the coordinated development of dual economy, and its optimized and efficient supply mechanism is an important guarantee for our country to realize economic transformation smoothly. In the future, we must adhere to the principle of universal supply and reconstruct the operation mechanism of the supply of rural public goods.

The existing defects of the supply Mechanism of Rural Public goods

The main body of supply is single. The main body of supply of rural public goods includes governments at all levels, market profit organizations, the third sector and so on. The three should constitute a multi-supply subject with reasonable division of labor, information sharing and mutual supplement. However, at present, the supply of rural public goods in China is mainly based on the single supply of the government, and the government fully participates in the supply of narrow public goods and quasi-public goods, which has a "crowding-out effect" on the market and non-governmental organizations. A single supply main structure may have the following consequences: first, the availability of rural public goods mainly depends on the fiscal budget preference, when other aspects have higher requirements for financial expenditure, it is easy to cause a shortage of rural public goods supply. Second, the government is more inclined to "grasp the big and release the small" when providing public goods, and the micro penetration and flexibility are far less than the market and the third sector. A single supplier will lead to the demand for public goods in specific areas or groups can not be met.

Inefficient demand expression and supply decision-making. The demand expression of rural public goods should be under the framework of villagers' autonomy, so that all rural residents can fully express their opinions on bearing the cost of public goods and obtaining the benefits of public goods. In practice, on the one hand, the demand for rural public goods is increasingly diversified, advanced and personalized. As a "large and comprehensive" supply body, the government's response is obviously insufficient, and the decision-making process is mainly driven by political achievements. as a result, scarce rural public goods cannot be distributed according to demand. On the other hand, the decentralization system centralizes the financial power in the higher-level government, and the decision on the supply of rural public goods is usually made by the higher-level government, while the specific supply responsibility moves down layer by layer. As a result, whether a rural area can get the supply of high-quality public goods mainly depends on the local tax base and transfer payment, and it is prone to prevarication between governments and departments at all levels.

There is an imbalance between burden and income. After the total abolition of agricultural tax in 2006, the expenditure of state finance on rural public goods increased significantly, while the financing outside the system decreased. However, there are still many problems in the current financing mechanism. At present, farmers still have direct burdens such as cultivated land occupation tax and deed tax, and indirect burdens such as value-added tax and consumption tax, while the annual government expenditure related to agriculture is far lower than the contribution of rural residents to financial revenue, and their actual burden and income are facing imbalance. On the one hand, it not only reflects the government's "urban bias" policy, but also shows that the current financing channels for rural public goods are too single, and the financing methods have become ossified. The government has an absolute advantage in the fund-raising right of rural public goods, and lacks the corresponding supervision mechanism, so the fund-raising ability of farmers' professional cooperative organizations is far from enough.

The path Choice of constructing the supply Mechanism of inclusive Rural Public goods

Optimize the main body of supply. First of all, we should cultivate participants outside the government, encourage all kinds of non-profit agriculture-related non-governmental organizations to be registered in accordance with the law, support enterprises to participate in the construction of rural public goods supply or investment contracted projects, and improve grass-roots democracy. we should give full play to the independent functions of rural communities and separate villagers' autonomous institutions from the "slicing management" of township governments. Secondly, it scientifically divides the relationship between finance and power of the central, provincial, municipal, county and township governments in the supply of rural public goods, and constructs a multi-level division of labor system with clear powers and responsibilities according to the categories and levels of supply objects and contents. Finally, the government should play a leading role in the top-level design of the participation mechanism, support mechanism, interest integration mechanism, cooperation mechanism, restraint and guarantee mechanism of multiple supply subjects, aiming at specific supply objectives, select appropriate supply subjects from the society, and guide them to participate in specific supply matters by means of financial subsidies, tax relief and so on. And implement effective control and supervision, information intermediary and rights and interests protection.

Innovate the mode of supply and financing channels. The supply of rural public goods includes a variety of ways, such as government supply, market supply, voluntary supply, mixed supply and so on. With the improvement of the level of rural economic and social development, the proportion of government supply should gradually decline, and market-oriented supply and financing methods have gradually become the mainstream. However, there are great differences in the level of rural development in different regions, the supply mode of public goods can not be "across the board", and diversified supply should be adopted according to the local reality. The rural areas in developed areas have a strong demand for public goods, and the expected return on investment is relatively high, and the provision of developmental and enjoyable products and services has become the object of market competition, so such areas should take market supply as the main body. adopt a mixed supply mode, conditional areas should actively explore new ways of supply and financing in order to improve the quality of public goods. On the other hand, the governments of relatively backward areas should maintain a dominant position for a period of time, emphasize the principles of humanism and fairness, make up for the space for the supply of public goods missed by the main body of the market, and take care of the basic needs of each village without leaving a dead corner. at the same time, attract volunteers and charities to join the supply process and encourage them to participate in supply decisions. In addition, we should continue to speed up the reform of the fiscal and taxation system, further reduce the tax burden on farmers, broaden the financing channels for the supply of rural public goods, support farmers in setting up specialized organizations according to regions or business scope, concentrate idle funds in rural areas, and encourage small rural areas to be self-sufficient or partially self-sufficient in public goods.

Dynamic management of supply operation. First of all, the expression of demand is not an one-off, and the response of the government and other supply subjects can not be achieved overnight. It is necessary to ensure the long-term smoothness of farmers' demand expression channels, so it is necessary to establish a long-term mechanism for identifying, targeting and realizing the demand. to achieve the minimum difference between demand formation, information transmission and decision implementation. Secondly, for the demand for rural public goods that can not be fully met immediately, priority should be set according to priorities, focusing on the supply of survival-oriented public goods in poor areas. While grasping the large and releasing the small, the government should open the market in time, try to rate the rural public goods supply qualification of the main body of the market, and provide them with better services to ensure that they have enough profit space. Thirdly, in order to continuously optimize the national layout of financing sources, state-owned agriculture-related development banks, such as the Agricultural Development Bank, should adhere to the principle of "difficult before easy" and give priority to the poorest or lack of growth potential. and give full play to the role of emerging transnational development banks such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Development Bank in the supply of rural public goods. Finally, strictly supervise the supply process such as project bidding, and disclose the accounts of direct financing projects to ensure that the rights and interests of each participant are protected, so as to maintain their long-term investment enthusiasm.

In short, rural public goods should be provided by multiple public forces according to the results of demand expression in a reasonable way, generally benefiting all rural residents. In the future, we should adhere to the principle of the combination of government leadership and marketization, not only pay attention to fairness, ensure the equalization of basic public services, but also respect differences. Through the comprehensive supporting reform in related fields, we should build a universal supply mechanism of rural public goods, which is oriented by farmers' demand, led by the government, and coordinated and interacted by multiple subjects.