Rural Land system and Peasant Protection

From January 16 to 17, 2015, the Fifth National Farmers' Cooperative Organization Forum was held in the National Agricultural Exhibition Hall. The forum is sponsored by the Institute of Sustainable Development of Renmin University of China, the China Rural Civilization Research Center of the Public economy Research Association, the Rural Construction Center of Renmin University of China, the School of Rural Construction of Southwest University, and the Straits School of Rural Construction of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. It is hosted by Beijing Liang Shuming Rural Construction Center and Guoren Green Alliance.

The following is a transcript of Professor Wen Tiejun's speech:

Thank you. First of all, I would like to say something related to the content that Mr. Zhang gave you just now. It's a report point learning experience. Mr. Zhang, when I was several years old, I was much earlier than I was in the field of agricultural policy and rural development, especially cooperative research. The level of research, the depth of research, and even my contribution to the country were much better than mine. So teacher Zhang said several times that he followed me and made me restless. When the elder brothers talk like this, I can only express a little bit of learning experience with his report, so before I enter my topic. First of all, I would like to introduce my understanding of the development of co-operatives. It's better to tell stories. Because when it comes to theory, I think I can't give a theory in front of teacher Zhang Xiaoshan's theory, so I'll say that there are three kinds of cooperatives in contemporary cooperatives that have a history. Each of these three kinds of cooperatives has its own background. Just now Mr. Zhang mentioned the government of Mendra in Spain and how the priest used his conscience to promote the culture of the cooperative. If I explain this story a little more, maybe you will hear it more fully. In fact, in the early years when the tide of industrialization rose, this tide passed and destroyed the lives of many people on rural land. Because industry requires that people are labor, and you contribute your labor surplus to be occupied by capital, this is the mainstream. How did this co-operative rise in those years? In fact, it was this priest who took in several problem teenagers, or problem youth, who could not be used as normal labor force in the industrial tide. Five of them went to learn technology under the guidance of this priest, and some of them would do what they would do. anyway, why was Mendra an industrial-based cooperative? His early founder, the five problem teenagers, were transformed by priests to cultivate their own skills. They said that they could not make a living by themselves. At best, I became the labor force of the industrial tide. I contributed my surplus labor, but I was still employed by industrial labor. So these five people formed a kind of cooperative culture under the spiritual inspiration. They said that the five of us work together, and let's set up an organization, which is the origin of the original Mendra co-operative. They all have their own technology, and they become to organize their respective abilities together to form a kind of public ownership, and the property we create is publicly owned by all. That is to say, all Mondra's property was shared by everyone later. And once again, the system is that your first year's salary as a member of Mondra will become your property as a contribution. According to your first year of labor, your contribution, part of your salary, becomes your equity. As a result, it has become such a so-called industrial cooperative enterprise in which all members hold shares. Further development, with the development of the industry itself, what does it become? If the primary, secondary and tertiary industries are included, why is it called comprehensive? Why is Mr. Zhang now calling for the development of professional cooperatives into integrated cooperatives in the policy circle? The peasant brothers said that it is still hard to set up a co-operative for ten years, and even if they do not make money, they will not make any money. May I ask which enterprise makes money? Even if he has a lot of capital, can he make money? I dare not say that I am now an independent director of the largest financial enterprise of the Agricultural Bank of China, and I am also a director of New Hope Group, the largest agricultural enterprise in China. New hopes are almost zero in the field of agriculture. If you do not eventually combine the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and you say let him set up a co-operative, you will be playing tricks on him. If you ask him to engage in agriculture, you are playing tricks on him. So why do you want to engage in the primary, secondary and tertiary industries? Not long ago, there was a backbone of cooperation. I said that you have the ability to go directly into new fields, to engage in high-tech, and you go to register a high-tech company, which is much more bitter than you are in the first industry. Why? That's the lead. Why do you advocate that in the last few films of teacher Zhang, it was clearly stated in the central document that farmers' cooperatives could engage in mutual finance if they were mature? Why? Finance is the tertiary industry. I just said that information requires six harmonies, and investment can make money. Otherwise, the profit will be close to zero. If you carefully investigate many enterprises that have entered agriculture, a considerable number of them have to be converted into co-operatives because they are given government concessions because they are converted into co-operatives, and without government concessions, their operations in the field of agriculture are at a loss.

Why are so many things fake now? If he does not put it into practice, it may actually be several percent, more than ten percent, why should it cause 100 percent? If he doesn't build more, can he get a subsidy? What's more, governments at all levels have asked you to engage in cash crops, the more cash crops, the more serious the surplus of cash crops. Now Chinese cabbage is all over the street. You can see that milk is being poured into the ground. Isn't that also happening? In the past, capitalist overproduction was overproduced, but now you are also overproducing. How can you guarantee the interests of farmers when there is a total surplus in the whole so-called cash crop field? How do you return it? Why do you tell the first story with the Mendra communist party? Mendra developed the secondary industry in the spring tide of industrialization. Put the primary production, agriculture, planting and aquaculture directly and deeply process the secondary production. I have seen Mendra's enterprises. All the primary enterprises can not make money, but they can make money in the secondary industry. It becomes the cooperation of the whole industry chain, the cooperation of finance, insurance, supermarkets, even catering, tourism and restaurants, and all of them, and becomes a cooperative enterprise of a complete industrial system. Therefore, the emergence of the Mendra Communist Party, of course, also had a cooperative culture, and the touching spirit of the priest led to several problem teenagers. After training, they accepted the culture, helped themselves and others, and formed the embryonic form of the early Mendra Communist Party. But these are the economic and cultural aspects that allow them to develop? There are some studies that they don't mention, and I don't know why. What? Where did Mendra develop? In the Basque region of Spain, the Basque armed police, like our democracy, are national, local police, and local police stations. What is the role of armed police? To prevent Basque separatism. Attention, Spain, there have been a lot of conflicts, armed conflicts. So there is a kind of cohesion in this area, we are Basques. So there is an important background of conflict culture, which has become the largest enterprise in the whole Basque region. Because the Basque region can not be recognized by Spain, so he is separated, so the government gives him a discount, so the Basque region has become the fourth largest enterprise. Therefore, this must give him some tilt in the economy, otherwise he will make trouble. This is the political background. So we are ignored in the study of social culture.

The other is an Israeli cooperative. Who started the co-operative in Israel? If he and the Israelis want to survive in the entire Arab region, he must engage in a political culture with a manuscript in one hand and a gun in the other, which has its own political and cultural background. So he is related to the development of the Israeli commune. At that time, the director of the Israeli district center came over, and I worked in the central rural areas. At that time, he gave me a task. He also told me how to get there. We also poured beans from bamboo tubes, how to get there. He said that if we support this project with US $4 billion a year, how can we form a cooperative? Does it depend on our peasants' own co-operative culture, on our own historical and cultural heritage, on our own formation of the backbone, and on our hard work? If you look at those cooperatives that are still popular in the world up to now, how can he succeed without the support of the Basque government and without a cooperative of the whole industrial chain? Israel, 70% 80% used to be at the beginning of the country, with a collective economy of more than 80%. If it is not for individual farmers to fight on this site, how can it be formed if you do not have a draft in one hand and a gun in the other?

When we look at Japan and South Korea and China's Taiwan, they all come from Japan. Japanese comprehensive agricultural enterprises are now regarded as a category of agricultural cooperatives that have been passed on for more than 100 years. How did he come into being? You should know that that was when Japan became a military power with the support of its own strong industrial power. He wants to fight the Korean Peninsula, he wants to fight northeast China, and then he wants to jihad Siberia. Where do their great powers come from? Their roots are in the countryside. Which of the soldiers in the countryside is willing to go to the front? is this a good way to do so in Japan? The countryside must be stabilized. How steady? Only when the peasants are organized can they be stable. So you note that China lost the processing naval battle in 1894 and lost 300 million US dollars to Japan, one of which Japan used to strengthen its armaments. And then it strengthened the Soviet Union. They say we are now the only one to defeat the white country on our own. We are the only people of color who have ever beaten a white man. There with this thing. We do not make any evaluation on him, we do not say that he is right or wrong, but we say that he took 300 million Chinese silver, he invaded, he took Chinese public funds to build Nippon Railway, and so on. These six Japanese talents used Chinese military funds at that time, and another force was exported to set up shrines in rural areas. You know that in Japanese villages and urban neighborhoods, you can see that they are shrines and cooperatives that help farmers organize at the same time. In 1894, Chinese reparations were made in the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, and the Rural Treaty began in 1897. On the whole, he knew that it would not be possible for a great power to be on a small island, and he had to fight closely in Northeast China. And toward, and then into Manchuria. So you say that Japan is an economic organization? Does it rely on agricultural co-operation? Why 80%, 90%, the whole comprehensive agricultural peace, so because it is a strategic arrangement for a national power. So he has been getting a considerable discount from the government. Do you know what this discount is? Why did the Japanese Comprehensive Peasants' Association succeed? Because the Japan Peasants' Association is the only monopoly in the whole rural area, other enterprises are not allowed to enter this field. Japan only broke the idea in 2011. At the beginning of the twentieth century, enterprises were prohibited from entering competition. Every enterprise can engage in agriculture and talent, but it is only strict between eight. Don't think that just because you are a returnee, you can cross the director directly, follow the cross-package first, and take good care of your chief. So Japan is not competitive, but it is unprecedentedly stable. Politicians come to the stage to discuss with them that a big chaebol in the village is the Comprehensive Peasants' Association, which he controls in all areas of the economy, from finance, insurance, to land transactions, to supermarkets, to restaurants, to real estate. These areas that can earn income all form the distribution of farmers, so why is Japan's per capita income higher than that of cities? Does it come from agriculture? Bitter farming? No, from finance, from insurance, processing, supermarkets, and so on. These earnings are returned to the farmers before they can have an income. We ignore all these backgrounds, history, intentionally or unintentionally. People say that farmers, you enter the free market, you compete, I monopolize the field, do not give it to you. How can this be done? People say that fake co-operatives are now in vogue. Why? The government is not entirely to blame. Up to now, we have persisted in this financial system, and the local finance level is worse than the first level. Local governments, especially those in charge of medical production and peasant departments, are not like local governments. Everyone is in charge of government, you are in charge of finance, you are in charge of real estate, and you are engaged in stocks, so you will get a lot of shares. What if we work in agriculture? Have no choice but to use any benefit to circle the distribution of money. I have also experienced that all of you here have helped farmers develop. I won't order anywhere. At that time, there were no co-operatives. I started it in 2004. In 2005, I said that we would set up ten pilot co-operatives, report to the relevant departments, and even go directly to the minister, saying, can you give us some of the state support funds now? Let these funds which are considered to be more standardized develop very well. The minister is very happy. I'm going to trouble you. Have you been evaluated? We need to organize an expert evaluation, but you won't be able to evaluate it. Why? To be honest, they all have capital, but of course they are not farmers. In the end, I gave it to two, and the first one said yes. The farmer called and said that the county said that the superior would evaluate it, and it was you who received me. If I received it, the money came half to one person. The other one is even more interesting. The county said that you should send me 4,000 yuan first. Why? It is said that we go to the province to run events, please eat and drink who will come out? Can you promise to take it off? You can't promise to pay for it first when you take it off. Why am I not so good as a co-operative now? You will know a lot of things if you do one, and it will be stuck for you. What do we do in the end? I said I would sell my old face again, and I directly called the director of the provincial department. The director said to do it directly, this money will not go down to our provincial hall, do not interfere below, the next hand into the door half, not eaves gutter depilation, ladies and gentlemen. Why is the financial expenditure now often occupied by a small number of people? Why is that? How do you think farmers' rights and interests are reflected? Many people say that what we run is not a co-operative, but a peasant organization. I said, what if the peasants don't organize themselves? You can only go out. Do you think you can make trouble? no. We are good citizens, in case we are regarded as petitioners, then you want to get some preferential policies, no way. He'll take you as his enemy. We all know that. So at the beginning, we transformed those petitioners into co-operatives. But now many of our control systems do not recognize this account. Even if I say that I will not petition, can I change to a co-operative? no, you are already different. If the relevant departments don't force you to be more unusual, he can't finish the task. Why can't we make society more harmonious? It turned out that it was caused by the social burden. You said that you had changed and abolished the agricultural tax, but what about you in the past? No one accounts for it. So it is so easy for China to set up peasant co-operatives?

You have to go back and say, why is finance so unreasonable? The question depends on how many departments are behind the finance? Which department is willing to benefit itself? To say ten thousand words, we are powerless in the face of complex institutional contradictions. Ladies and gentlemen, don't think that we have a meeting. We have held a meeting several times. Don't think that we will settle it when we go back to have a meeting here. Don't get your hopes up. Why do you come here every year? Ask yourself why you're here. Do you think it is useful to open this cooperative training? It's very useful. keep warm together. In the middle of winter. What I said is all the truth. What are you doing here? talk about grievances and teach experience to each other. I know that I am not the only one who is so difficult and bitter, everyone is very difficult, even more difficult than me, that person is better than others, and it seems to be a little comforting. Are you serious about bringing those laws back and acting in accordance with the law? Is that the law is sick? are you sick? Are you two or two? How can anyone really act in accordance with the law in the village? Is it possible? It is tantamount to deceiving students in class. If you are deceived, you can only blame yourself for suffering. He's two, you're with him, two, two, kill you. How could you? We've been doing this for more than ten years. What are we doing? Why do many people criticize us? It is because we are helping farmers to organize themselves. No matter in what name you are, whether you are a literary and art team, an association for the elderly, or a Huang Chang dance, it is better to organize yourself here, and it is better for everyone to huddle together and go back together than to hold back, because there is no place to reason with you.

Let me tell you another story. You know that Wen Jiabao asked for wages for migrant workers at that time. Later, I met him again. I said that a group of you didn't get your wages back. You just had a chance to meet the prime minister, and finally followed the secretary of the provincial party committee to promise to solve the problem. Did you solve the problem? Just make sure he gets his salary. This is a great honor to Wen Jiabao. You are the prime minister of a big country. Can you get it back if you say you want to ask for wages for this group of people? This system restricts you, can he get it back? So when I saw Xiong Deming again at that time, what if you got your own salary back? He said there was nothing he could do. He went home to raise two more pigs. There was no other way. Do not think that you used to have a broad road, that you can not afford to talk, you are not qualified, not talking about rice bowls on the stage, the pot is full of talk. You are a cooperative. Let's not forget now, not only you, why do we have to mobilize students to do it? Because students are now called small asset groups. When they graduate, they will be mixed with middle-class vouchers in society. What? The only thing for the students we are training now is not to let his conscience disappear completely after entering the middle-class club. As a result, there are a considerable number of thousands of students who have been trained by us. Now, whether they are journalists, employees, companies or agencies, they are more or less sincere and still have a cavity of blood, and they are keeping it as much as possible. Where are our grades? Among them. What do these people do? these people will not forget their experience when they went to the countryside and integrated with the place at that time. These people will continue to do it, even if only 10% of the 5% do it, which is 5 times better. In terms of fellow villagers, they have not been alienated enough to learn to be a toddler. Niu Niu is crooked and regards it as a beauty. So what did we do? We say that we have been a group of people, preserving our conscience and keeping our blood. If you want to survive the big winds and waves in this country, you have to rely on the farmers. What's more, in Liang Shuming's ten-year project, I said that this is not a minority matter. Because the country is adjusting. From the original almost regardless of the interests of farmers, in the 1990s, to the acceptance of the three rural issues, the top priority, this is a great change. Of course, it is impossible for you to pursue the interests of various interest groups and adjust them only after taking care of their interests. But after all, we can see that the rural areas have received unprecedented central investment in recent years. After all, we can see that these inputs have effectively helped farmers hold up the umbrella of social security, we no longer charge for compulsory education, our peasant education has been done, and the government has done it, and all these major changes are changes in the environment. If we sit back and enjoy the success of doing nothing in the process of change, is that us? We are positive. That is, to take advantage of this opportunity, this opportunity is the same for everyone, for example, the capital construction has been built in your village, so now our co-operatives have to seize this period of historical opportunity, and now I have just said that the preferential financial policy has not been solved. At present, the three largest items of expenditure in the country are the expenditure on agriculture, rural areas and farmers, which reached more than $130 billion in 2003 and still grew by 50% in 2014, which will be close to 150 billion, and will increase again in 2015, which is the largest expenditure. Then, with the attention, everyone said that Xi Jinping fought corruption and made great efforts to fight corruption. Basically, those things that eat and drink now, of course, cannot be said to be extinct. They dare not do it with great fanfare, but they have to be done secretly. These are good phenomena, and we have to grasp major climate changes. Because you must know that there was something wrong with him in the past. You can negotiate now. I'll just bring my legs this time. I won't hug you. I won't petition you and I won't make trouble. Let's make a deal. Trading is a market economy, and I tell you that this is not an one-person transaction. There are three or four thousand households behind me. If we stomp our feet, our place will ring. If we say you are bad, he will have to weigh it. Therefore, they have now become social wise people among farmers and are well-known at home and abroad. It is them who are our hope. It is the result of so many of our thousands of young children going to the village to do real work, whether among migrant workers, among citizens, among students, among villagers, our generation should remember that my dead student was also my student. He said that the teacher brought it, and the students were successful. We're just padding our feet to keep these students steady. So organize and protect. And organization is the first point of protection, which is what Mao Zedong said. So whatever you do, organize it.

At present, the more legal way is the co-operative. Then further, I said, what do you want to take advantage of when you come to this meeting? A new and more important policy is the land issue that I want to talk about. The land issue is very simple. Xi Jinping has set the tone. Article 1 ownership cannot be moved and must be maintained. Article 2 the contracted right to use of the peasants shall not be changed. Third, the reversal of the right of management can be done. Therefore, attention, everyone here, if we want to set up a comprehensive peasant co-operative with primary, secondary and tertiary industries, it is of vital importance that our members, especially those at the core, form the property relationship of the co-operatives by making shares of our members, especially those in the core layer. The property relationship of cooperatives, relying on the purchase of shares in cash, was a way that we could not do more than a decade ago, when we launched the co-operatives in 2003. At that time, there was no cooperative law. We not only have now, but also have two important policies that we can take advantage of. One is that mature co-operatives can engage in finance. The second is that the right to the use of land can be used as shares. The stock ownership of land use right is an important step to form a stable property relationship. With this, we can relatively steadily establish a property group of our domestic finance, or cooperative finance. Many people are worried that I will lose my land rights because of this. No. Why? All resources cannot be moved. So far, external resources can only lease your land, even if you say that I will give you the land as a stock, you say that you go outside to talk about the entrepreneur who bought shares, he does not dare, he cannot deal with it. Why can't you dispose of it? There are too many lessons. Once you really dispose of it, you say that I have disposed of your 1,000 mu of land as shares, and I have disposed of it and sold it. There may be hundreds of farmers up there, but three or five of them dare not, and I will be in trouble. It is called Sui Sanhu, Wang Qin will be there. In fact, as long as there are two or three farmers, farmers with three households, is also Wang Qi Bimin. Once something happens to him, it really doesn't matter. For him, one vote is vetoed and the black hat is taken off. How dare you? Don't worry, the right of the peasants is the ultimate expression, that is, the mass natural events that have taken place. If you want to be stable, you should not really touch the two-mu and three-thirds of the farmers' land, because the land is increasingly becoming the wool of the peasants' rights and interests, nailed to the ground. To put it even worse, since the global financial crisis in 2009, the spring tide of industrialization, wave after wave, from Zhejiang, all the places that have been politically correct and stable in the past have begun to become unstable, because when those local financial departments borrow loans, say they want to engage in production, they actually run away. Then leave a large amount of local finance, which is the fundamental reason why the local government has bad debts and the social security situation is unstable. Is that the rootless investment fled. And come to the mainland, some people say that I invest in you, you give me supporting land and get loans. The trend of China's de-industrialization is certain. Now that your brother is back, there are only sisters left in the house, and the brothers will come back, because the capital decided that it did not want him, and he dumped him. With a large number of peasant unions returning to their hometown, under the tide of de-industrialization, these people come back, do they intend to engage in agriculture? Ask these people who come back, he would rather stay in the sun wall, chat and play cards, he would not do it. It means that his labor force has been priced by the industrial labor market, and he will be enjoyed even if he can't earn any money when he comes back. If you ask me at this time, it is both a challenge and an opportunity. The so-called challenge is that the situation is unstable, and the country has to have more policies and you have to deal with these challenges. One of our current leaders has a saying that I still remember. What does he mean by resolving contradictions among the people? In order to resolve the contradictions among the people, that is, various preferential policies and investment in rural areas will be increased. If we already have mature organizations, and if we already have co-operatives with land as shares, we will certainly be the absorbers of further increases in preferential treatment. Because at this time the government is worried about security, the government challenges instability, who can help stability, villages and towns will certainly be more or less inclined. All right, I don't use this PPT today. It's for class. Maybe you don't want to hear it. To tell you the truth, there must be something wrong.