The Ministry of Agriculture issued technical guidance on scientific fertilization for major crops in spring 2015.

The management of fertilizer and water is the key measure of agricultural production in spring. In order to strengthen the technical guidance on scientific fertilization of major crops in spring, the Ministry of Agriculture recently organized relevant experts to formulate and issue the "Technical guidance on Scientific fertilization of Major crops in Spring 2015" (hereinafter referred to as "guidance").

Combined with the climate characteristics in spring and the current agricultural production practice, the guiding opinions scientifically analyzed the main problems existing in the water and fertilizer management of all kinds of crops. The spring fertilization management principles of wheat, rice, spring corn, rape, northeast soybean, cotton, fruit trees and vegetables were put forward according to regions and varieties. According to the difference of soil moisture, seedling condition, fertilizer condition and target yield, some suggestions on reasonable fertilization quantity, fertilization proportion and fertilization method were given.

At present, there are many problems in agricultural production, such as excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, imbalance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, insufficient input of organic fertilizer, incoordination of water and fertilizer, extensive fertilization and so on. In view of these problems, experts pointed out that it is necessary to reasonably regulate and control water and fertilizer, increase the application of organic fertilizer, properly spray foliar fertilizer, and vigorously promote the technology of simultaneous sowing of seed and fertilizer, mechanical deep application, and the integration of water and fertilizer. At the same time, further promote soil testing formula fertilization, guide farmers to choose suitable formula fertilizer, increase fertilizer utilization rate, and promote crop production.

Technical guidance on Scientific fertilization of main crops in Spring 2015

Department of planting Management, Ministry of Agriculture

National Agricultural Technology extension Service Center

Technical expert Group on soil testing and Formula fertilization of the Ministry of Agriculture

1. Wheat

(1) the North China Plain irrigates the winter wheat area. Including all of Shandong Province and Tianjin, south-central Hebei Province, south-central Beijing, north-central Henan Province, Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi Province, southern Shanxi Province.

1. Principles of fertilization management

The main results are as follows: (1) according to the growth of seedlings, nitrogen fertilizer is applied step by step, and the proportion of application in the middle and later stage of jointing is increased appropriately; the amount and time of topdressing are determined scientifically according to the amount of basal fertilizer, seedling condition, temperature and soil fertility; topdressing due to land, seedling and time.

(2) according to the soil moisture and the capacity of water and fertilizer conservation, the amount and time of irrigation should be determined reasonably to achieve the integration of water and fertilizer management.

(3) seize the favorable opportunity of wheat turning green and jointing, take timely promotion and control measures to promote the transformation of weak seedlings, increase the spike rate, control the prosperous and long fields and prevent greedy green lodging in the later stage.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

The main results are as follows: (1) the total number of stems per mu is less than 450000 before turning green, and the three kinds of wheat fields with light leaf color and poor growth should be managed in time, and topdressing can be carried out twice in spring. The first time in the green stage, 5-8 kg urea per mu with watering, and the second 5-10 kg urea per mu with watering at the jointing stage.

(2) before turning green, the total number of stems per mu was between 45 and 600000, and the second type of wheat field with small population applied 10-15 kg urea per mu combined with watering.

(3) before turning green, the total number of stems per mu is between 60 and 800000, and the suitable wheat field can top up 12-15 kg urea per mu at jointing stage.

(4) the wheat fields with more than 800000 total stems per mu, thick green leaves and prosperous growth trend should be suppressed by intertillage during the returning period, postpone the application of nitrogen fertilizer and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, control the growth of the population, and prevent lodging and late ripening. Generally, 8-10 kg of urea can be applied per mu in the later stage of jointing.

(5) the wheat suffering from frost injury in early spring should immediately apply 5-10 kg urea and watering to promote early tillering, increase the spike rate of tiller and reduce the loss of freezing injury.

(6) diammonium phosphate should be applied to fields without phosphate fertilizer or phosphorus deficiency. For those who do not apply potash fertilizer or less, it is suggested that nitrogen and potassium compound fertilizer should be applied at the turning green or jointing stage; extra-root topdressing to compensate phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be combined with sheath blight prevention and control, and there is no irrigation condition or effective precipitation. Foliar spraying of urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used in spring to help water.

(7) potassium dihydrogen phosphate, boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer can be sprayed on wheat leaves at filling stage to prevent dry and hot wind and lodging, improve grain filling intensity and increase grain weight.

(8) in the wheat field in sulfur deficiency area, if superphosphate, potassium sulfate and sulfur-based compound fertilizer are not applied in the base fertilizer, ammonium sulfate should be applied in the first topdressing, and the amount of sulfur should be about 2 kg per mu.

(9) many farmers do not rake the land after rotary ploughing, resulting in deep sowing of weak seedlings, few tillers and weak seedlings. It is suggested that 10-15 kg of urea should be applied during the return to green period.

(2) the rain-fed winter wheat area in North China. Including Jiangsu and Anhui provinces north of the Huaihe River, southeastern Henan Province.

1. Principles of fertilization management

The main results are as follows: (1) according to the soil moisture in different places, the combination of suppression and ploughing and hoeing should be carried out before wheat turning green, so as to preserve soil moisture, increase soil temperature and promote seedling transformation, and improve the ability of wheat to resist drought.

(2) the principle of wheat fertilization should be grasped, and the principle of layering for many times and a small amount should be combined with meteorology, a small amount of moisture should be applied before and after rainfall and snow, and the fertilizer should not be exposed to the air after fertilization.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) take advantage of the green soil or rain and snow in early spring, apply with chemical fertilizer or ditch strips, apply 5-7 kg of urea per mu, cover the soil after fertilization, and apply 5-8 kg of urea per mu in case of rainfall in the middle and later stages of growth. The phosphorus-deficient fields were covered with 7-10 kg diammonium phosphate per mu and 15-20 kg nitrogen-potassium compound fertilizer in the potassium-deficient fields.

(2) in order to prevent the drought in the later stage, timely suppress the soil before thawing and turn green, break the bumps, settle the soil, and increase the soil moisture. Repression should be combined with ploughing, ploughing and hoeing. Before wheat was closed, each mu of wheat or corn straw was covered between rows to reduce the loss of soil water evaporation.

(3) if vigorous growth occurs before the year and the total stem number is more than 800000, due to the excessive nutrient consumption of wheat population and the yellowing of wheat seedlings or gaskets in spring, topdressing can be carried out in 2-3 times from turning green to jointing stage, and 10 kg of high nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied per mu.

(4) if the wheat population is too small due to drought during the overwintering period (the total number of stems per mu is less than 450000 before turning green, the leaf color is lighter and the growth is poor), fertilizer and water management should be carried out in time, and topdressing should be carried out 2-3 times from turning green to jointing stage. follow the rainfall and topdressing 5-8 kg urea per mu.

(5) combined with the prevention and control of sheath blight, one spraying and three control, extra-root topdressing should be used to compensate sulfur, zinc, boron and other trace elements, and urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate should be sprayed to help water.

(3) the winter wheat area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It includes the five provinces and cities of Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Shanghai, the southern part of Henan Province, and the south of Huaihe River in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces.

1. Principles of fertilization management

(1) the areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were relatively warm last winter, and there was more rain and snow in many places this spring. In view of the soil moisture and seedling conditions in various places, suppression or hoeing should be carried out before the wheat turned green, so as to increase the moisture content, protect it from cold and frost, promote the transformation of seedling conditions, and enhance the ability of wheat to resist drought and cold.

(2) the amount of topdressing and irrigation should be determined scientifically according to soil fertility, application of base fertilizer, seedling condition and soil moisture.

(3) Fertilizer and water management should be combined with drought and waterlogging resistance and control of diseases, insect pests and weeds.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) pay close attention to the weather and seedlings of wheat before turning green, especially the rainfall. If the drought persists, we should pay attention to the change of air temperature and grasp the amount and time of irrigation in early spring while the weather is warmer, the amount of soil evaporation is increased, and wheat seedlings need soil water.

(2) make a comprehensive judgment according to the frost injury in winter and the situation of the population. If there are many large tillers frozen to death or the population is seriously insufficient, we should combine irrigation and apply green fertilizer as soon as possible to promote large tillers in spring and ensure the number of panicles.

(3) yield level below 300 kg / mu, urea 6-9 kg / mu from jointing stage to jointing stage, urea 9-12 kg / mu and potassium chloride 1-3 kg / mu from jointing stage to jointing stage; yield level 400-550 kg / mu, urea 12-17 kg / mu and potassium chloride 3-5 kg / mu from jointing stage to jointing stage The yield level was more than 550 kg / mu, and 17-20 kg / mu of urea and 3-5 kg / mu of potassium chloride were applied from starting stage to jointing stage combined with irrigation.

(4) in some areas where trace elements are deficient, combined with "one spray and three control", combined with the prevention and control of diseases, insect pests and weeds (aphids and scab), trace element foliar fertilizer should be sprayed at jointing stage, booting stage and filling stage of wheat. At the filling stage, 150 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 kg of urea were sprayed with 50 kg of water.

(4) the rain-fed and dry-cultivated winter wheat area in the northwest. Including the north of Hebei Province, the north of Beijing, the south of Wulanchabu City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region, most of Shanxi Province, the north of Shaanxi Province, the west of Henan Province, the north of Ningxia Hui Autonomous region and the east of Gansu Province.

1. Principles of fertilization management

(1) the temperature in the northwest arid region was too high and the precipitation was low last winter. This spring, according to the local precipitation and soil moisture, we should suppress or hoe the wheat before turning green, increase the soil moisture, prevent cold and frost, promote the transformation of seedling conditions, and enhance the ability of wheat to resist drought and cold.

(2) according to the seedling situation, seize the opportunity to carry out fertilizer topdressing and chemical regulation in early spring, and promote the combination of control to ensure the stable yield and yield increase of dryland wheat.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

The main results are as follows: (1) in order to prevent late drought, dryland wheat should take effective water conservation measures in time to prevent and reduce a large amount of soil moisture loss before the closure of early spring wheat. Timely suppress or hoe before the soil is thawed and turn green, break the bumps, settle the soil, and increase the soil moisture to preserve it. For the dry land that has been watered with overwintering water, cut the hoe as early as possible before thawing and turning green to break the knot and eliminate the cracks. Before wheat is closed, 200-300 kg of wheat or corn straw per mu can be covered between rows to reduce the loss of soil water evaporation.

(2) for the fields with insufficient fertilizer input, it is necessary to seize the opportunity of rainfall and fertilize wheat in early spring. Urea 5-7 kg / mu and diammonium phosphate 7-10 kg / mu were used in nitrogen-deficient fields and 7-10 kg / mu in phosphorus-deficient fields. In dry land with irrigation conditions, combined with spring irrigation, 6-8 kg of urea per mu and 8-10 kg of diammonium phosphate per mu were applied in nitrogen-deficient fields and phosphorus-deficient fields.

(3) the fields that flourish and grow before winter caused by sowing early and high amount of fertilizer should be combined with control. In dry land without irrigation conditions, it is necessary to suppress hoeing and increase soil moisture as soon as possible. If the dry land has been watered over the winter, the hoe should be drawn as soon as possible and spring watering should be postponed to the later stage of jointing.

(4) the fields with late sowing and weak seedlings should be combined with shallow hoeing to preserve soil moisture as soon as possible to increase the soil temperature and promote the weak seedlings to become strong.

(5) irrigated wheat areas in the northwest. Mainly spring wheat, including central Inner Mongolia Autonomous region, northern Ningxia Hui Autonomous region, central and western Gansu Province, eastern Qinghai Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region.

1. Principles of fertilization management

The main results are as follows: (1) determine the target yield according to soil fertility, reduce the input of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, supplement potassium fertilizer and supplement micro-fertilizer appropriately.

(2) increase the application of organic fertilizer, return all the straw to the field to improve soil fertility, and advocate the combination of organic and inorganic.

(3) "combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, early application of base fertilizer and skillful application of topdressing". To ensure that Miao Qi, Miao complete. Timely topdressing can prevent wheat from overgrowing and lodging in the early stage, and de-fertilizing and reducing yield in the later stage.

(4) fertilization should be effectively combined with irrigation. Emphasis was placed on early application of base fertilizer, mechanical sowing fertilizer, topdressing before irrigation, spraying zinc and boron and other micro-fertilizers outside the root at booting stage.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) recommend 17-18-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) or similar formulations.

(2) the yield level is 300-400 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 20-25 kg / mu, and 10-15 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from jointing stage to jointing stage.

(3) the yield level is 400-550 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 30-35 kg / mu, and 15-20 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from initiation stage to jointing stage.

(4) the yield level is more than 550 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 35-40 kg / mu, and 15-20 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from initiation stage to jointing stage.

(5) the yield level is less than 300 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 15-20 kg / mu, and urea is applied 5-10 kg / mu from emergence to jointing stage combined with irrigation.