The voice of the change of agricultural modernization small-scale peasant economy and agricultural modernization

Introduction: the voice of change in agricultural modernization

From a macro point of view, the most important thing for the promotion of China's modernization process is to deal with the relationship between the city and the countryside. since the reform and opening up, the city has been the thruster and engine of China's modernization construction. China's high GDP growth rate for more than 30 years is mainly due to the vigorous development of urban economy; at the same time, the development of rural areas obviously lags behind and becomes the object that needs city and industry to feed and support. The declining and depressed rural areas, together with the development and growth of cities, constitute a magnificent picture of China's modernization. In short, the change and disintegration of rural society and the relative lag of rural economy need to be reconsidered in the relationship between urban and rural areas.

At present, the mainstream view is that in the promotion of China's modernization, the development of urban economy has entered the right track, while the development of rural economy is lifeless. China's modernization is the integration of urban and rural areas, and the urban-rural dual structure under the planned economic system has greatly hindered the free flow of urban and rural factors of production. Only through a series of institutional changes, especially the reform of the rural land system, and the liberalization of urban and rural factors of production, can the gap between urban and rural areas be narrowed, followed by the promotion of urbanization and the rapid promotion of China's modernization.

Specifically, the speech advocating the liberalization of urban and rural elements can be divided into two points: one is that the current organization of agricultural operation is inefficient and unable to increase production and income. only by developing large-scale operation of land, especially capitalist farms, can we increase farmers' income and make agriculture rich. Second, it is considered that there is an urgent need for market-oriented allocation of agricultural production factors, rural land is rich in wealth, through market-oriented operation, farmers can get funds to go to cities, so the gap between urban and rural areas can be narrowed. In fact, the former involves the relationship between productive forces and production relations, while the latter involves the institutional reform of rural factors of production, which belongs to the category of superstructure reform. In essence, it is a contradiction between the economic base and the superstructure.

At present, the mainstream urbanization strategy and the policy of agriculture, rural areas and farmers hold that the existing production mode of small farmers is the backward agricultural productivity, and only through the reform of the superstructure can the tension of agricultural productivity and production relations be alleviated. On the whole, these remarks can be called agricultural modernization radicalism. This proposition also has a great influence in practice.

To sum up, the voice of change in the current agricultural modernization has a high degree of convergence in the judgment of national conditions and agricultural conditions. First of all, it is considered that the dual structure of urban and rural areas greatly limits the transport of urban resources to rural areas and the market-oriented realization of rural asset elements, which leads to the backwardness of rural areas compared with cities, which is essentially a problem of judging the nature of urban-rural relations. Secondly, it is the misunderstanding of the agricultural management model based on self-farmers, thinking that traditional agriculture is inefficient and can not make farmers rich, so it is the object that agricultural modernization needs to eliminate. Finally, and most importantly, agricultural modernization radicalism does not realize the problems that really need to be solved in the development of agricultural production or in promoting agricultural modernization. what is involved here is the relationship between the economic base of agricultural management and the superstructure. For the above problems, the following will be discussed and analyzed one by one.

Second, the protected urban-rural dual structure and the "small farmer" road of agricultural modernization.

Due to the economic and social gap between urban and rural areas caused by the dual structure of urban and rural areas for a long time, almost both political and scientific circles believe that the dual structure of urban and rural areas is a structural obstacle to China's modernization, and advocate actively promoting the integration of urban and rural areas. in order to resolve the urban-rural dual structure formed in history. According to the theory of right poverty, the root of farmers' poverty lies in the poverty of rights, and the poverty of farmers' rights is caused by the dual structure of urban and rural areas. Although the theory of right poverty stands on the commanding heights of the so-called human rights, its biggest problem lies in the lack of in-depth understanding of rural problems, which does not lie in abstract rights, but in that farmers have the right to go back and forth between rural areas. this should be the greatest human rights of farmers. According to the market theory, the crux of the problem of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" is that the rural factors of production are too scattered, and the urban-rural integration that breaks through the urban-rural dual structure can just realize the centralized utilization of the factors of production and realize the employment of farmers on the basis of the development of characteristic industries. According to the theory of agricultural modernization, Chinese traditional agriculture must develop synchronously with industrialization and urbanization, so the rural land system needs to be reformed comprehensively through farmers going to the city and urban capital going to the countryside to realize the integration of urban and rural areas.

In fact, the urban-rural dual structure is a common phenomenon in the vast number of developing countries. The vast number of developing countries are on the edge of the world system, and developed countries have the ability to absorb resources from developing countries and to transfer internal crises to developing countries. Generally speaking, there are essential differences between China's urban-rural dual structure and other developing countries. In the eyes of rights poverty theory, market theory and agricultural modernization theory, urban-rural dual structure constitutes an institutional obstacle for China to effectively promote modernization, which in fact proves the institutional system of urban-rural dual structure in China.

(1) the formation and implication of the urban-rural dual structure of the exploitative system.

In fact, the emergence of urban-rural dual structure in China has its historical inevitability. The formation of the urban-rural dual structure is not a spontaneous process, but has the distinct characteristics of the national institutionalization construction, and is the result of the national institutional construction. After the completion of the socialist transformation in 1956, the conflict between urban and rural areas showed a trend of intensification, and the momentum of "rash advance" in the process of economic construction led to a surge in urban floating population and a large number of rural population entering the city. Specifically, the conflict between urban and rural areas after the completion of socialist transformation, it is shown in that the situation of food shortage has not been alleviated, the population thrust in rural areas has suddenly increased, the economy is "rash" and the growth of the number of workers is out of control, and the problem of the way out of new urban labor force is prominent. In 1957, the government introduced measures to strictly restrict farmers from entering cities, and established urban-rural isolation zones through administrative means such as household registration management, grain and oil supply, labor and employment, and so on. In 1958, the central government promulgated the regulations of the people's Republic of China on Household Registration, which solidified the formed dual interest pattern between urban and rural areas in legal form. In other words, the symbol of the formation of institutional urban-rural dual structure is the establishment of urban-rural dual household registration system. However, the urban-rural dual household registration system is actually gradually established in the process of regulating the conflict of interest between urban and rural areas in order to implement the national industrialization strategy of giving priority to the development of heavy industry under specific historical conditions.

It should be said that the urban-rural dual structure formed in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China is a strategic measure actively chosen by the country for the purpose of realizing China's rapid industrialization. The dual structure of urban and rural areas has provided a basis for China to gain a good international position in the world system. The urban-rural dual structure locks the vast number of people, property and property in the rural areas, and the rural population who cannot enter the city has become the main force in the construction of rural agriculture. During the period of the people's commune, by organizing the peasants, on the one hand, they carried out "three-level ownership, team-based" agricultural collectivization production, and on the other hand, they organized the agricultural labor force to develop farmland capital construction, water conservancy construction and infrastructure construction, thus greatly changing the basic conditions of agricultural production in a short period of time.

Historically, the rural surplus labor force at that time could not enter the cities, and they were transformed into "private teachers", "barefoot doctors", "film projectors", "literary and art propagandists", "local lawyers" and various brigade cadres who were not part-time. As a result, manpower has been gathered in education, medical treatment, culture, public security and organization, and the education and medical treatment in rural China have been developed in a short period of time. It enriches the rural culture, improves the traditional Chinese farmers' national consciousness, enhances the farmers' sense of national identity, shapes the farmers' nation-state core values, and shapes the traditional Chinese farmers into national citizens with modern national consciousness. In a sense, this actually constitutes a part of national capacity-building and is a vivid embodiment of the realization of national "osmosis capacity". Furthermore, after the reform and opening up, the rural areas have provided a large number of high-quality cheap labor for the export-oriented "made in China", thus using comparative advantages to achieve rapid economic development.

Of course, the institutional urban-rural dual structure means the great difference between the two welfare supply systems in urban and rural areas. Urban household registration means a variety of social welfare. Urban residents can not only rely on units to solve the employment problem, but also enjoy a full range of social security, such as housing, medical care, education, pension and so on. In rural areas, farmers can only rely on land, homestead and housing to achieve the most basic social security. In this regard, the institutional urban-rural dual structure before the reform and opening up is a kind of urban exploitation and exploitative institutional urban-rural dual structure.

(2) the loosening and transformation of the institutional urban-rural dual structure

Since the reform and opening up, with the vigorous development of the market economy, the urban-rural dual household registration system began to disintegrate, and the urban-rural dual structure is also loosened. In the mid-1970s, with the rapid development of rural township enterprises, farmers began to enter the industrial field, "leave the soil without leaving their hometown" and "enter the factory without entering the city". In the 1980s, farmers' entry into cities was no longer restricted by household registration, and it became a common phenomenon for farmers to bring their own rations to cities. In the 1990s, China's coastal export-oriented processing manufacturing industry achieved rapid development, China joined the international division of labor system, migrant workers have become the absolute main force of "made in China".

With the liberalization of the policy of rural labor to work in cities and the rapid development of China's "informal economy", the social welfare attached to urban household registration has been gradually stripped off. Housing distribution welfare, commodity grain welfare, state-owned enterprises and other unit welfare has basically become history. The welfare of rural household registration can be realized through the right of members of the village. as long as he is a member of the village collective economic organization, he can enjoy the right of contracted management of cultivated land, the right to the use of homestead and self-built housing. These three benefits show considerable urban economic benefit spillover income and compensation income in land expropriation and demolition in suburban villages, urban villages and rural areas in coastal developed areas, and basic social security in ordinary rural areas.

Compared with the urban-rural dual structure formed in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, the current urban-rural dual structure reflects less differences between urban and rural areas in the system, and the current duality of urban-rural structure is more the historical result of the evolution of urban-rural differences. From the perspective of system and policy design, the state restrictions on the flow of capital to the countryside and the legal restrictions on the entry of urban residents into rural society highlight the protection of the dual structure of urban and rural areas.

(3) the dual structure of protected urban and rural areas and the path choice of agricultural modernization

The protected urban-rural dual structure is not the negation of the dual gap between urban and rural areas. The protected urban-rural dual structure happens to be the recognition of the urban-rural dual gap, but this recognition contains a certain affirmation of the exploitative urban-rural dual structure. Specifically, the urban-rural dual structure since the founding of the people's Republic of China is not a spontaneous product, but the result of the construction of the national system. Under the urban-rural dual structure with household registration as the core, China has achieved preliminary industrialization and achieved rapid economic growth after the reform and opening up. From the perspective of the catch-up strategy of the late-developing countries, the exploitative urban-rural dual structure has objectively contributed to the rise of China in the world system, and the implication of institutional dividend can not be ignored.

From the perspective of modern nation-state construction, there is a big difference between the system and spontaneity of the dual structure of urban and rural areas. The spontaneous urban-rural dual structure is passive. in the context of the national conditions of other developing countries, the urban-rural dual structure is the consequence of the transfer of internal crisis in developed countries, while China's urban-rural dual structure is an important component of the national development strategy. it is the active choice at the level of national development strategy. Therefore, the dual structure of urban and rural areas in China is not entirely the opposition between urban and rural areas, market economy and natural economy, but the interaction and complementarity between urban and rural areas. the difference in judging the nature of urban-rural relationship will lead to great tension in the path choice of agricultural modernization.

At present, the mainstream view is that the essence of urban-rural dual structure is the difference and opposition between natural economy and market economy. The problem of urban-rural dual structure has emerged in the process of the development from natural economy to market economy and from traditional property rights to modern industry. The process of the transformation from urban-rural dual structure to unitary is the process of market economy replacing natural economy. The essence of the urban-rural dual economic structure embodied by the traditional agricultural sector and the modern industrial sector is the coexistence and opposition of the natural economy and the market economy. The urban-rural difference in China's marketization process hinders the transformation of the urban-rural dual structure.

The essence of the integration of urban and rural development is the development integration of urban and rural market economy. The gap between urban and rural areas in China stems from the difference in the process of marketization between urban and rural areas. Market economy is the economy of gathering elements and economies of scale. Therefore, in the process of the integration of urban and rural development, we should vigorously develop the modern market economy in urban and rural areas, especially in rural areas, through the trinity model of "product-enterprise-industry". Solve the contradiction between the concentration of urban factors of production and the dispersion of rural factors of production, and promote the gradual convergence of the development of urban and rural market economy.

Obviously, the above proposition only sees the "economic duality" in the urban-rural dual structure, and holds that the overall planning of the urban-rural dual structure is the integration of urban and rural areas, and only through rural marketization can the backwardness of rural areas be solved. According to this theoretical logic, the future road of China's rural development is naturally the road of highly market-oriented agricultural industrialization, the road of agricultural capitalization and the road of agricultural enterprise. However, from the perspective of the protected urban-rural dual structure, the rural areas provide a large number of cheap labor for the urban economy and sufficient and cheap food, melons, fruits and vegetables for the Chinese people. it provides a "stabilizer" and "reservoir" for China's modernization. Therefore, the road of agricultural modernization is not the concrete realization of the integration of urban and rural areas, the balance of the difference in the degree of marketization between urban and rural areas, and the centralization of rural factors of production; however, under the premise of fully affirming the existing dual relationship between urban and rural areas moving forward to a protective structure, we should conceive the path choice of China's agricultural modernization from the real predicament of agricultural development, the reality of rural society and what farmers think.