Ideas and Countermeasures of cultivated Land Protection in the period of Social Transformation

First, the current situation: to seek the balance between "ecology, rights and interests, and grain".

At present, China's grain output is the result of high technology, high input and low tax, but it also worsens the ecological problems of cultivated land resources, and the problem of low income of farmers' cultivated land has not been solved. In this regard, we should balance the ecological pressure of domestic cultivated land and foreign grain surplus, and construct three new security frameworks of national cultivated land "ecology, rights and interests, and grain".

Today's China's national conditions, and the implementation of the cultivated land protection system with the balance of cultivated land occupation and compensation as the core, have undergone tremendous changes, mainly reflected in three aspects:

First, China's grain output continues to rise. Closely centering on the problem of food self-sufficiency, the Chinese government has not only implemented the strictest cultivated land protection system in the world, but also continuously increased investment in agricultural breeding technology, farmland farming technology and farmland infrastructure, and implemented agricultural tax reduction and reduction policies, and implemented cultivated land protection and compensation mechanisms in some areas. In order to ensure food security, the state has adopted a series of policies and high-input security mechanisms in science and technology, promotion and production, creating one legend after another in grain production. By 2013, China's grain production has increased for 10 years in a row, and the country's total grain output has exceeded the 600 million ton mark for the first time.

Second, the ecological problems of cultivated land resources in China are deteriorating. In 2013, the "cadmium rice incident" in Hunan has exposed the serious problem of farmland soil pollution in China. Liu Yaolin, a professor at Wuhan University, pointed out that of the 120 million hectares of arable land in China, about 8.3% of the arable land is polluted, especially in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. Zhang Fusuo of China Agricultural University also pointed out that the serious acidification of farmland soil in China is mainly due to the problem of excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer. It is also reported that the rapid decline of groundwater in northern China affects not only food security, but also ecological security and water use for 430 million people. The trend of desertification in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is obvious. Even in the northeast region with the best natural resource endowment in China, according to Niu Zhenguo of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a large number of wetlands in Northeast China have been transformed into land for grain production, and the black soil in Northeast China has been seriously eroded, and the soil has become thinner. The content of soil organic matter has decreased from 50 ~ 100 grams per kilogram in the 1970s to about 20 grams, and the quality of the northeast granary is declining.

Third, the income of farmers' cultivated land continues to decline, and the protection of the rights and interests of cultivated land needs to be improved. The third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee clearly pointed out that the market will play a decisive role in the allocation of resources, which will have an impact on the use of cultivated land in China and put forward higher requirements for the protection of farmers' rights and interests. Chinese farmers own arable land and are the executors of grain production, but because of its limited scale, the efficiency of grain production is low. Therefore, from the perspective of economic value attribute, cultivated land resource is a depression of land value in China. The promotion of the marketization of rural land will inevitably lead to the gradual infiltration of capital into cultivated land resources thus significantly promoting the value of cultivated land resources. In the future reform, farmers with limited cultivated land resources, how to face the temptation of increasing the value of cultivated land resources, continue to hold resources and avoid turning from farmers into refugees, not only need the wisdom of farmers themselves, but also need the state in the design of cultivated land protection system to protect the bottom line of farmers' cultivated land rights and interests and maintain rural stability.

Compared with the huge pressure on cultivated land resources, there are also great risks in China's foreign exchange reserves. After 30 years of rapid development, China has huge foreign exchange reserves, but it is always affected by American financial and international policies, and its actual value is being eroded. However, it also makes China have the conditions to import grain resources from the world to replace the shortage of domestic soil and water resources. Compared with China, the United States, Brazil, Canada and other countries have irreplaceable potential of soil and water resources. we can consider using foreign exchange to alleviate the pressure of soil and water resources in China, reduce the intensity of tillage, and change the use of polluted cultivated land. reduce the intensity of cultivated land use in areas where groundwater is over-exploited. Therefore, the protection of cultivated land resources in China must be re-examined from a global perspective, to balance the pressure of domestic cultivated land resources and the potential of foreign grain surplus, and the time is ripe to build a new framework for the security of China's cultivated land "ecology, rights and interests, food".

Second, the idea: to make overall use of two kinds of cultivated land at home and abroad.

In order to improve the ecological situation of cultivated land resources, we must gradually reduce the intensity of cultivated land use, and delineate the areas of cultivated land use withdrawal, use conversion, reduction of utilization intensity and sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources. Instead, with the help of foreign soil and water resources, according to the annual grain imports, put forward the implementation of China's cultivated land resources recuperation, improve ecological security use control and security measures.

The protection of cultivated land resources in China is not only an issue of food security, but also the protection of farmers' rights and interests, but also an issue of ecological security. therefore, with the help of the favorable situation of domestic grain production and huge foreign exchange reserves, we can gradually establish "import international grain". Replace domestic soil and water shortage; recuperate cultivated land resources and improve ecological security The establishment of the transfer mechanism of the right to development and the protection of farmers' right to cultivated land "is a new cultivated land protection system which is conducive to the ecological security of cultivated land resources, rights and interests security and food security.

First of all, China's cultivated land resources "ecological security" can only rely on their own. In order to comprehensively improve the ecological security of cultivated land resources in our country, we must gradually reduce the utilization intensity of cultivated land resources so that they can recuperate. It is necessary to draw a bottom line for the security of cultivated land resources, and identify the ecological distribution characteristics of cultivated land resources in China according to the characteristics of quantitative distribution and quality spatial variation of cultivated land resources. delineate the utilization and withdrawal area, use conversion type area, utilization intensity reduction area and sustainable utilization area of cultivated land. As for the utilization and withdrawal area, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between the distribution of cultivated land resources and ecological background around the three ladders of geographical space and the problems of large river basins in our country. scientifically define the relationship between cultivated land and forest land, wetlands, grasslands, beaches, lakes and other ecological land types, identify the key ecological limiting factors of cultivated land production, delineate the distribution of cultivated land resources in China, and determine the scope of returning farmland and the goal of ecological construction. For the area of use conversion, it is necessary to scientifically analyze the types of farmland soil pollution, the characteristics of spatial distribution, and the relationship between soil pollution and utilization patterns, combined with the results of the investigation of geological and chemical elements of the Ministry of Land and Resources and the soil pollution investigation of the Ministry of Environmental Protection. Analyze the relationship between soil pollution and land use, determine the soil pollution type area, and put forward the use conversion mode of contaminated land. For the areas with reduced intensity, it is necessary to scientifically analyze the characteristics of the relationship between the intensity of cultivated land use and the sustainable use of regional cultivated land resources, and delineate the areas of reduced intensity of cultivated land resources according to the characteristics of the utilization intensity of cultivated land resources and its ecological environment in the country. for example, the black land in Huang-Huai-Hai and Northeast Plain are the areas and spaces that need to reduce the intensity of land use. According to the relationship between the three circles, this paper puts forward a spatial blueprint for the sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources in China, so as to realize the ecological security of cultivated land resources in China.

Secondly, China's cultivated land resources "food security" can make appropriate use of foreign soil and water resources. With the help of the historical opportunity of China's foreign exchange reserves and grain income increase, we should construct the grain security concept of "storing grain in the soil", import soil and water resources, and alleviate the security pressure of cultivated land resources in our country. According to the research of Chen Xiwen, director of the Office of the Central Rural work leading Group, in 2010, China's imported agricultural products are equivalent to the use of about 600 million mu of arable land resources abroad. But up to now, we have not examined how China's food security should skillfully rely on foreign exchange reserves to implement the substitution of soil and water resources from the perspective of national strategy. Therefore, combined with the characteristics of grain production and the consumption of soil and water resources in China, it is necessary to make an in-depth analysis of importing wheat, soybean, rice and other food crops with the help of foreign soil and water resources. to replace the production capacity lost as a result of returning farmland, fallow and conversion.

Thirdly, the "farmers' rights and interests" of China's cultivated land resources can only be protected by the central government. The third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee has proposed that it is necessary to increase farmers' property income, and the premise and basis of ensuring property income is that farmers enjoy the right to development and have an equal market position in market competition, so as to ensure the fair realization of their property rights. For the industrial and commercial capital that wants to enter the rural land, Chinese farmers are still in a disadvantageous position in many aspects, such as property right consciousness, resource price, bidding level and so on. Compared with the high asset price characteristics of urban land, the cultivated land resource value of rural land in China is still at a historical low. In this way, there is a non-equilibrium between the low price of cultivated land resources and the high level of survival security of farmers, so that the rights and interests of farmers' cultivated land resources can only be protected by the central government.

III. Suggestions: from the implementation of rigid indicators to the realization of three safety

Under the new situation, in order to realize the three security of cultivated land resources protection, we must change the thinking of cultivated land protection: the first is to establish the use control based on cultivated land ecological security, and the second is to establish the common responsibility mechanism to ensure food security. the third is to establish a market-oriented supervision mechanism of cultivated land resources to protect the rights and interests of farmers.

The traditional cultivated land protection system is more realized by administrative means, and its main feature is that according to the quantitative requirements of the total amount of cultivated land resources to ensure food security, through rigid control indicators such as "the amount of cultivated land, the amount of basic farmland protection and the total amount of construction land", it is decomposed layer by layer in administrative links such as provincial, municipal, county and township levels. The advantage of this method is that it is easy to assess, but the disadvantage is that the information is asymmetric. The protection of cultivated land highlights food security, but the protection of ecological security and farmers' rights and interests is weakened. In order to realize the three security of cultivated land resources protection, we must change the thinking of cultivated land protection and implement the following three aspects of innovation:

One is to establish the use control based on the ecological security of cultivated land. The department of land and resources should make clear the strategic orientation of the ecological security of cultivated land resources in China, scientifically construct the ecological security pattern of cultivated land resources, delineate the spatial division of cultivated land, put forward the rules of use control, and innovate the mode of land renovation. We should establish an ecological model of cultivated land resources with the unity of market and administration and linkage between the upper and lower levels, and implement a cultivated land use protection mechanism with the transfer of development rights as the core.

The second is to establish a joint responsibility mechanism to ensure food security. The quantity and quality of cultivated land resources are the guarantee and cornerstone of food security. The quantity of cultivated land resources in China is managed by the Ministry of Land and Resources, but the quality problem is related to the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the National Development and Reform Commission. For this reason, it is necessary to establish a common responsibility mechanism for cultivated land quality protection, clarify the responsibility of relevant departments for cultivated land quality protection, and study the innovative mechanism of cultivated land protection under the common protection responsibility mechanism.

The third is to establish a market-oriented supervision mechanism of cultivated land resources to protect farmers' rights and interests. The marketization of the circulation of rural cultivated land resources is constantly taking shape and growing. The transfer of cultivated land resources involves the ownership, contractual management right, development right and use right of cultivated land resources. Therefore, in order to protect the rights of farmers, it is necessary to refine the existing rights of cultivated land resources, determine farmers' rights and their composition, clarify the conditions and requirements for the transfer of rights, and use land rights to protect the rights and interests of farmers. At the same time, it is necessary to establish a supervision system adapted to the circulation of cultivated land, which includes the establishment of authoritative evaluation institutions for the determination of cultivated land types, the identification of cultivated land quality, the evaluation of cultivated land value, cultivated land pollution and various impacts. Therefore, from the perspective of marketization, it is necessary to establish a market-oriented supervision system for the use of cultivated land resources to protect the rights and interests of Chinese farmers.