How to choose sesame seeds? What are the methods of raising seedlings?

Sesame is what we call sesame in our daily life. Many people use sesame to make a variety of gourmet snacks at home. Sesame can not only make snacks, but also extract oil. Sesame oil is also very popular in the market. So how to choose sesame seeds? What are the methods of raising sesame seedlings?

First, how to select sesame seeds?

1. Look at the appearance

The shape of sesame seeds, oblate oval and long ovoid. One end is blunt, the other is slightly pointed. There is a mark of seed stalk falling off at one end of the tip, that is, the hilum; some varieties, such as the old do not open the mouth, this end is curved. Along one side of the seed from the hilum, there is a longitudinal line called the seed ridge, which is a tiny vascular bundle that carries water and nutrients to the inside of the seed. Sesame seeds are relatively small, with a 1000-grain weight of about 2.6-3.5 grams, which belongs to small-grain crops in the field.

two。 Look at the seed coat

The color of sesame seed coat has white, yellow, brown, black and other colors, and various colors can be divided into shades and shades. This is due to the difference in the type and number of pigments contained in epidermal cells. Generally speaking, the oil content of seeds with light color is higher than that with heavy color.

2. Seedling raising methods of sesame seeds

1. Select nursery bed

Before raising seedlings, the seedbed should be selected first, and the land with leeward facing sun, flat terrain, loose soil, good water and fertility conservation and convenient water source should be better; and sesame should not be planted within 2-3 years, rape and wheat should be used in front of the seedling bed, and legume and eggplant stubble should not be used to reduce the disease. Leaving enough seedling bed area is an important condition for sparse sowing to cultivate strong bacteria. If the seedling bed area is small and the sowing amount is too large, seedlings will squeeze seedlings and form tall or weak seedlings, resulting in poor root system development. The seedbed area should be determined according to the planned field area and planting density. In general, the ratio of seedbed to field is 1:15 in summer and 1:10 in autumn.

two。 Soil preparation and fertilization

The sesame seed is small, the soil strength at the top of the germination is weak, and the soil preparation of the seedling bed must be flat, thin and solid, that is, ploughing and tanning the seedling bed before sowing, smashing the soil, opening the ditch to make the border, the width of the border is 1-2 meters, the width of the furrow is 0.4 meters, the depth of the ditch is 0.2 meters, the border surface is flat, the soil is fine, and the soil is loose on the soil layer, which is convenient for operation, drainage and irrigation. In combination with soil preparation and shallow application of basic fertilizer, 1000 kg of mature pig manure or 500kg of human manure, 20kg of calcium superphosphate and 5kg of potassium chloride were applied to each mu of seedling bed, which were evenly sprinkled on the border surface, combined with soil preparation and mixed in the topsoil layer, so that the soil and fertilizer were fully mixed, and then the seedling bed was leveled to make the bed.

3. Sterilization treatment

Before sowing, choose a sunny day to spread the seeds in the sun and dry them for 1-2 days, which can improve the germination potential. The method of wind separation was used to remove mildew seeds, blighted seeds, branches and leaves impurities, leaving good seeds with large, full and disease-free impurities. The seed coated with seed coating agent is the best to sow. Before sowing, use more than 40% carbendazim wettable powder 0.75 kg per mu, mix with appropriate amount of dry soil, evenly sprinkle on the surface of the seedbed and light, and carry out soil treatment and sterilization. Soaking the seeds in 5 ℃ warm water for about 20 minutes can kill the germs on the seeds and dry the seeds before sowing.

4. Fine sowing

Sesame should be sowed early in order to give full play to the advantage of increasing yield brought by seedling cultivation and transplanting, and the specific time should be determined according to the harvest time of the previous crop, and it is generally appropriate to sow about 20 days before the harvest of the previous crop. Seedling bed sowing is generally sowing, suitable soil moisture uniform sowing, sowing should be careful, neither waste, nor lack of seedlings, generally per mu of seedling bed sowing 0.81kg, requires quantitative border, uniform sowing, so that there is no missed sowing, no clump seeds, no deep seeds. After sowing, it is necessary to pat the border surface so that the seeds are in close contact with the soil.

After sowing, wet the border surface with dilute water dung or spray 0.2% borax solution + 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution to mix: in case of dry weather, you can cover a small amount of chopped rice straw on the border surface after sowing, and water to moisturize, and strive for early emergence of seedlings. Because the sesame seeds are small, it is best to sow fine sesame seeds. Sesame seeds coated with seed coating agent are easier to be uniformly sown. If the temperature is low, the surface of the border should be covered with plastic film after drying the surface moisture. When 10% of the seeds emerge, if the temperature is high on a sunny day, uncover it in the morning and cover it in the afternoon to prevent the seedlings from being damaged by high temperature during the day and low temperature at night. The sowing time is determined by transplanting at the age of 20-25 days.

5. Seedbed management

① inter-seedling fixed seedling: require early seedling, sparse fixed seedling. When the first pair of sesame leaves appear, the seedling distance is about 2 cm, "remove weak seedlings, keep strong seedlings, remove small seedlings and keep big seedlings, remove dense seedlings, keep uniform seedlings, remove miscellaneous seedlings, keep pure seedlings, remove diseased seedlings, leave healthy seedlings so that seedlings do not squeeze seedlings; the second and third pairs of true leaves are about 4 cm apart from leaves, and the fourth pair of true leaves are fixed seedlings with a distance of about 6 cm. 270 seedlings were retained per square meter.

② topdressing and watering: the fertilizer and water management of seedling bed should adopt the method of promoting before and after controlling, mainly in front of 3 pairs of true leaves and after 3 pairs of true leaves. If it is dry after sowing, it should be watered in time to resist drought, and the water for sprouting and seedling emergence should be well watered, so that the soil surface should not be whitened. After completing the seedlings, the watering times were reduced to promote the root system to tie down. Fertilization at seedling stage according to the principle of "a small amount of food", fertilizing once after each seedling, each time with urea 3kg / mu, 1000 litres of water, or 250,500kg of dilute human and animal feces. The start-up fertilizer was applied within one week before transplanting, so that the seedlings could absorb more nitrogen in a short time, and the seedlings could be watered with urea 8: 10 kg per mu.

③ chemical control: plastic greenhouse seedlings come out quickly, leaves grow rapidly, if the seedling bed density is high, it is easy to form abnormal seedlings, such as prosperous seedlings, tall seedlings and so on. The application of growth retarders such as paclobutrazol and uniconazole at seedling stage has a significant effect on regulating seedling growth and improving seedling quality. In production, the sesame seedlings can be evenly sprayed with 150 mg / kg paclobutrazol or 40 mg / kg uniconazole solution at the stage of 1-2 pairs of true leaves of sesame seedlings to make the seedlings short and strong, with many green leaves and dark leaves. In case of dry weather, the concentration of paclobutrazol solution can be reduced to 100 mg / kg; in case of rainy weather, the concentration of paclobutrazol solution should be increased to 150 mg / kg 200 mg / kg, and spray once as appropriate. It is best to spray paclobutrazol solution in the afternoon and spray evenly to avoid re-spraying or leakage spray.

④ pest control: Sesame seedlings are prone to aphids, cabbage insects, yellow beetles and blight and other diseases and insect pests, which should be controlled in time. Combine seedlings to remove weeds. When the rate of aphids in the seedling bed reached 10%, and each plant had 1 aphid, 1000 times of dimethoate emulsion was sprayed; Pieris rapae was sprayed with 800 times of 2% avermectin EC per mu before the 3rd instar; to control seedling blight, carbendazim bed soil disinfection and soil cover seeds could be used to spray 25% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times 600 times at the initial stage of the disease, once every 3 days and 2 times in a row. In order to prevent the disease, generally, after the emergence of the seedlings, the whole bed was sprayed with 800-1000 times of 70% methyl thiophanate wettable powder or 800 times of 40% carbendazim glue suspension for 1 or 2 times.

To sum up, it is the whole content of seed selection and seedling raising of sesame seeds. When we choose to plant sesame seeds, we must choose their own varieties according to the local climate and environment.

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