How much grass and feed do cows usually feed a day? How is estrus and pregnancy identified (identified)?

A cow, a female cow. Can produce milk, can give birth to offspring. So how much grass and feed do cows usually feed a day? How is estrus and pregnancy identified (identified)?

How much grass and feed does a cow have to feed a day?

The feed intake of a cow should be 1.5% of its body weight in terms of dry matter.

1. Both forage and concentrate contain a certain amount of water. In production practice, the feed intake of different breeds of cattle or the same breed of cattle is also different in different seasons, so it is necessary to grasp the feed intake of cows according to local conditions.

2. Cow concentrate feeding should be determined according to animal size, fat condition, pregnancy, lactation and so on.

The main results are as follows: (1) according to the fat condition of empty cows, the amount of concentrate feed is determined, usually 0.5-1kg per day.

(2) cows were fed with concentrate 1-2kg daily after 2 months of pregnancy and 2 months after calving.

3. Cow feeding should be coarse before fine, feed twice a day in winter and drink warm water after feeding, and three times a day in summer. The concentrate should be mixed in proportion according to schedule, mix well, mix well with water 8 hours before feeding, soften and then mix. When feeding each time, the breeders should look at the trough feeding, adjust the surplus and deficiency, and fill with the food, so as to be full at one time. Feed varieties should be relatively stable, all kinds of feed should be matched with feeding, do not often innovate, if necessary, must be replaced gradually, so that cattle gradually adapt to ensure the normal digestion of cattle. Do not feed moldy and spoiled frozen feed. Silage should be fed in the house in winter.

How does cow estrus and pregnancy be identified (identified)?

Estrus:

(1) estrus

1. The estrous cycle, from the beginning of the first estrus to the beginning of the second estrus, is called an estrous cycle. One estrous cycle is 18-21 days, with an average of 20 days. The estrous cycle includes proestrus, estrus, late estrus and diestrus. Estrus is also called estrus, and the period from the beginning of estrus to the cessation of estrus is called estrus. Cows and yellow cattle generally 6-36 hours, an average of 18 hours, buffalo 6-8 hours, the duration of the warm season is long, the cold season is short.

2. After sexual maturity, there are four physiological characteristics in the cycle: vulvar change, sexual excitement, libido and ovulation. External observation of vulvar changes, sexual excitement, sexual expression of these phenomena are called estrus. To accurately grasp the objective law of oestrus of cows is the key measure to mate and improve the conception rate. The cow has the following changes in estrus:

The main results are as follows: (1) Behavioral change and sexual excitement is the abnormal mental state of the whole body caused by cow estrus. At this time, the cow is more allergic than usual, singing uneasy, often raising the tail and swinging, loss of appetite, walking around. The intensity of sexual excitement of young cows is stronger than that of old cows. Climbing is an expression of sexual desire of cows. Estrus cows often climb or be crawled by other cows. When estrus cows climb over other cattle, they often drip urine and make a low, short sound, which is more pronounced in young cattle.

(2) vulva changes, proestrus, vulva from slightly swollen to gradually full, soft and loose, labial mucosa hyperemia, flushing, shiny; after ovulation, vulva swelling subsided, shrinking and showing wrinkles, vaginal mucous membrane hyperemia, flushing phenomenon subsided and showed pallor. Two hours before the appearance of sexual desire, mucus began to flow out of the vagina, and it was common to see a small amount of blood attached to it. The final mucus was relatively clear, transparent, like egg white, linear, elastic, and could be pulled into filaments, commonly known as "hanging lines". The mucus excreted before ovulation is gradually white and thick.

(2) Identification of estrus

According to the changes in the two aspects mentioned above, we can judge whether the estrus and estrus of cattle are in the early stage, the peak period or the last stage, and find the best breeding time.

1, proestrus: singing, restlessness, love to move, sensitive to the outside world, the vulva begins to swell, soft, relaxed, mucous membrane flushing, congested, shiny, a small amount of mucus in the vagina, vaginal mucous membrane congestion, like sniffing the vulva of other cattle, and crawling across other cattle, being very quiet when being crawled by other cattle, standing motionless, looking back.

2. In the prime of estrus: sexual impulse is active, it makes impulsive mating like a bull when climbing over other cattle, and the change of vulva is more obvious than that in the early stage, the mucus from vulva is more transparent, the wiredrawing is very long, the appetite is abnormal, and the milk yield is decreased.

3. at the end of estrus: the cow changes from excitement to quietness, neither climbing over other cattle nor refusing to climb over other cattle, most of them lie down and rest, and the vulva returns to normal.

Ovulation is a sign of the end of estrus. Ovulation occurs 18 hours after the end of sexual desire, mostly between 22:00 and 3 a.m. at night.

(3) abnormal estrus

Some factors make the cow estrus beyond the normal rule, which is called abnormal estrus.

1. Recessive estrus: cows lack sexual desire during estrus, which is caused by malnutrition, insufficient secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or estrogen, which is mostly caused by long-term house feeding.

2. Wig estrus: one is the sexual desire of pregnant cattle during "more than half of pregnancy" (about 5 months), and the other is the breeding cattle with ovarian dysfunction and the cows with endometritis, the performance of estrus is normal, but there are no developmental follicles in the ovaries.

3. Non-estrus: malnutrition of cows, diseases of ovary and uterus, etc., often make cows not in estrus.

4. Continuous estrus: estrus lasts for a long time, or intermittent, which is mainly caused by alternating development of ovarian cysts and follicles or excessive production of estrogen or alternating production of estrogen.

Pregnancy:

First, look at the cow's eye recognition.

There are three specially exposed vertical blood vessels on the iris just above the pupil of the pregnant cow, the so-called pregnancy blood vessel, which fills and protrudes on the surface of the iris and is purplish red. In non-pregnant cows, the blood vessels on the iris are small and not exposed.

Second, look at breast recognition.

Swollen breasts, stiff nipples, pregnant cows. Those whose breasts are not inflated and whose nipples are not stiff are not pregnant.

Third, look at oral recognition.

Open the cow's mouth and look at the sublingual caruncle on both sides of the mouth. if it is bright red, it is a pregnant cow; if it is pink or light red, the cow is not pregnant.

Fourth, look at the tail recognition.

If the cow's tail is tilted to the left or right without swinging its tail to cover the vulva, it means that the cow is pregnant. If the tail is covering the middle vertically, you are not pregnant.

Fifth, look at milk identification.

The milk squeezed by hand is honey-colored and mushy, and most of the milk that is not flowing is a pregnant cow; if it is white and thin, and the milk that will flow out naturally is an empty cow.